Optical transmission structural body, optical waveguide, optical waveguide formation method, and optical wiring connection body

ABSTRACT

An object of the present invention is to provide an optical transmission structural body capable of preferably transmitting an optical signal between an optical wiring and an optical waveguide irrespective of a shape of a portion of the optical wiring, the portion being connected to a core part of the optical waveguide. The optical transmission structural body of the present invention is constituted so that at least an optical wiring and an optical waveguide are connected to each other and an optical signal can be transmitted between a core of the optical wiring and a core part of the optical waveguide, wherein a portion of the optical wiring, the portion being connected to the core part of the optical waveguide, is not specially subjected to a planarization processing or has a surface roughness Ra based on JIS B 0601 of 0.1 μm or more.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present invention relates to an optical transmission structuralbody, an optical waveguide, an optical waveguide formation method and anoptical wiring connection body.

BACKGROUND ART

Recently, fields of optical communication and optical informationprocessing using optical techniques as well as fields of electronicequipment and optical equipment have rapidly developed, and it is animportant problem to develop techniques for connecting various types ofoptical devices. Conventionally, the optical devices of various typesare connected to each other through an optical wiring such as an opticalfiber or the like. For such connection, quite high positional accuracyis required. Since an operation for such connection is carried outeither manually or by means of highly accurate alignment equipment, theoperation has disadvantageously caused an increase in connection cost.

In order to solve this problem, a technique for a self-organizingoptical waveguide has been developed. According to this technique, anend of an optical wiring or the like to be connected to an opticaldevice is immersed in a photosensitive composition, and a photosensitivematerial is irradiated with light through this optical wiring or thelike. The photosensitive material is thereby gradually photosensitizedand a core part of an optical waveguide is formed on a tip end of thisoptical connection end. Thereby, even without particularly expensivealignment equipment, an optical waveguide constituted to be able totransmit an optical signal between the optical wiring and the opticaldevice can be formed, and the problem that causes the increase inconnection cost can be solved.

Such a self-organizing optical waveguide formation technique will bebriefly described with reference to the drawings. FIGS. 39(a) to 39(d)are schematic diagrams for describing one example of a method of formingthe core part of the optical waveguide that connects different opticalfibers to each other using this self-organizing optical waveguidetechnique.

First, optical fibers 112 and 112′ are arranged such that one end of oneoptical fiber faces one end of the other optical fiber. A photosensitivecomposition 111 is applied so as to surround the ends of the opticalfibers 112 and 112′, whereby the ends of the optical fibers 112 and 112′are both immersed in the photosensitive composition 111 (see FIG.39(a)). In FIG. 39(a), 113 and 113′ represent cores of the respectiveoptical fibers 112 and 112′.

Means (not shown) for irradiating light such as light of a high pressuremercury lamp is provided on the other end of one optical fiber 112 whichdoes not face the other optical fiber 112′, and light for curing thephotosensitive composition 111 is irradiated from one end of the opticalfiber 112 toward one end of the optical fiber 112′ arranged to face oneend of the optical fiber 112 using this means (see FIG. 39(b)).

By irradiating the light from one end of one optical fiber 112 to thatof the other optical fiber 112′, the photosensitive composition 111 isgradually cured from an optical fiber 112-side correspondingly to anoptical path, and the core part 114 of the optical waveguide thatconnects the optical fiber 112 to the optical fiber 112′ is formed (seeFIGS. 39(c) to FIG. 39(d)).

Furthermore, due to the development of the fields using the opticaltechniques such as the optical communication and the optical informationprocessing, attention has been focused on optical fibers mainly incommunication fields. Particularly in the IT (Information Technology)field, an optical communication technique employing the optical fibersis necessary to provide a high speed Internet network.

The optical fiber has features: (1) low loss, (2) high band, (3) smalldiameter and light weight, (4) non-induction, (5) resource saving, andthe like. A communication system which employs the optical fibers havingthese features can considerably decrease the number of relays ascompared with a communication system which employs conventional metalliccables, can be easily constructed and maintained, and can improve itseconomical development and reliability.

Further, since the optical fiber can transmit not only light having asingle wavelength but also light having many different wavelengthssimultaneously, i.e., only one optical fiber can provide multipletransmission of light having many different wavelengths, it is possibleto realize a large capacity of a transmission path capable of dealingwith diversified purposes and to deal with picture service and the like.

Emission light emitted from an optical component such as a semiconductorlaser is incident on such an optical fiber. It is an important elementin the optical communication how efficiently the emission light iscaused to be incident on the optical fiber. In long-distancetransmission, in particular, it is required to cause the emission lightto be incident on the optical fiber with high efficiency.

However, it is necessary to provide a gap between the optical fiber andthe optical component for the purpose of preventing the optical fiberfrom being damaged due to a thermal expansion of the optical fiber orthe like. The gap is, therefore, a hindrance for realizing the efficientincidence of the emission light on the optical fiber.

To avoid this problem, a method of causing the emission light of theoptical component to be incident on the optical fiber by providing alens such as a collimator lens or a condensing lens between the opticalcomponent and the optical fiber is used. With this method, even if thegap is provided between the optical component and the optical fiber, theemission light of the optical component can be caused to be efficientlyincident on the optical fiber.

This method can be used for not only transmitting the light from theoptical component to the optical fiber but also transmitting a lightfrom the optical fiber to the optical component and transmitting lightfrom one optical fiber to the other optical fiber. With this method,efficient light transmission can be achieved in any of these cases.

Furthermore, following the development of the fields using the opticaltechniques such as the optical communication and the optical informationprocessing, performances of various types of optical communicationdevices have been enhanced, thereby disadvantageously complicatingconnection between the devices for optical communication.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The achievement of the connection between an optical wiring and anoptical waveguide involves a serious problem other than theabove-described cost problem. Namely, when the optical wiring isconnected to the optical waveguide, connection ends of the opticalwiring and the optical waveguides should be flattened so as to realizelow connection loss. To this end, it has been said that it is necessaryto carry out a highly accurate facet processing.

Taking connection of general optical fibers as an example, it has beensaid that: if a facet of a connection end of the optical wiring or thelike is not flat, a bubble, a disorder of fiber cores, or the likeoccurs to result in a connection loss or the like during connectionusing a fusion technique; and if facets of the optical fibers aresimply, physically connected to each other (mechanically splicedtogether), a connection loss due to a diffuse reflection or the likeoccurs to a connection portion of an optical waveguide connected to theoptical wiring or the like. In addition, it has been said that: even ifthe self-organizing optical waveguide technique is used, a connectionloss due to a diffuse reflection of a transmission light or the likeoccurs at the connection portion of the optical waveguide thus formedwith the optical wiring or the like.

Therefore, if the optical fibers or the like from which covering membersor the like are removed, respectively, are simply connected to eachother, relatively flat facets can be formed by cutting the facets usinga fiber cutter or the like. For a fiber array, a connector or the like,into which a single optical fiber or the like or a plurality of opticalfibers or the like are assembled, however, a grinding processing iscarried out for a long period of time using fine grinder powders aftercutting because of the necessity of making connection facets uniform orthe like. The grinding processing is not limited to surface grinding butspherical grinding such as PC grinding, inclined grinding or the like isnecessary to be carried out in some cases. Therefore, there have beeninevitable problems such as complicated steps and a cost increase.Specifically, an optical fiber facet grinding method using asilica-containing abrasive or the other method has been proposed.

However, after detailed consideration of an optical transmissionstructural body configured by connecting an optical wiring to an opticalwaveguide, the present inventor found that an optical signal can beappropriately transmitted between the optical wiring and the opticalwaveguide no matter what shape a portion of the optical wiring connectedto the core part of the optical waveguide is, and completed an opticaltransmission structural body according to a first aspect of a firstgroup of the present invention.

Furthermore, after detailed consideration of an optical waveguideformation method using the self-organizing optical waveguide formationtechnique, the present inventor found that the core part of an opticalwaveguide excellent in connection with the optical wiring can be formedwithout carrying out the highly accurate facet processing. The presentinventor also found that the problems such as the complicated steps canbe solved by forming such a core, and thereby completed an opticalwaveguide formation method according to a second aspect of the firstgroup of the present invention.

The first aspect of the first group of the present invention is aninvention relating to the optical transmission structural body, and thesecond aspect thereof is an invention relating to the optical waveguideformation method.

An optical transmission structural body according to the first aspect ofthe first group of the present invention is an optical transmissionstructural body constituted such that: at least an optical wiring and anoptical waveguide are connected to each other; and an optical signal canbe transmitted between a core of the above-mentioned optical wiring anda core part of the above-mentioned optical waveguide, wherein a portionof the above-mentioned optical wiring, the above-mentioned portion beingconnected to the core part of the above-mentioned optical waveguide, isnot specially subjected to a planarization processing or has a surfaceroughness Ra based on JIS B 0601 of 0.1 μm or more.

In the optical transmission structural body according to the firstaspect of the first group of the present invention, the core of theabove-mentioned optical wiring may be connected to the core part of theabove-mentioned optical waveguide; and a coating layer may be formed atleast on an circumference of an end of the above-mentioned opticalwiring on a side on which connection to the core part of theabove-mentioned optical waveguide is conducted.

In the optical transmission structural body according to the firstaspect of the first group of the present invention, an opticalrefractive index of the core part of the above-mentioned opticalwaveguide may be 90 to 110% of an optical refractive index of a portionof the above-mentioned optical wiring, more desirably 95 to 105% of anoptical refractive index of the portion of the optical wiring, theabove-mentioned portion being connected to the core part of theabove-mentioned optical waveguide.

In the optical transmission structural body according to the firstaspect of the first group of the present invention, an optical pathconversion mirror may be formed on an end surface of the core part ofthe optical waveguide at opposite side to the side on which the corepart of the above-mentioned optical waveguide is connected to theabove-mentioned optical wiring, and the core part of the opticalwaveguide may include at least one bent portion.

In the optical transmission structural body according to the firstaspect of the first group of the present invention, a roughened surfaceis desirably formed partially or entirely in a portion other than theportion connected to the core part of the optical waveguide on a surfaceof the optical wiring.

An optical waveguide formation method according to the second aspect ofthe first group of the present invention is an optical waveguideformation method which comprising steps of:immersing a part of anoptical wiring in a photosensitive composition;irradiating light intothe above-mentioned photosensitive composition through theabove-mentioned optical wiring; and forming a core part corresponding toan optical path of light in the above-mentioned photosensitivecomposition, wherein a portion of the above-mentioned optical wiring,the above-mentioned portion being connected to the core part of theabove-mentioned optical waveguide, is not specially subjected to aplanarization processing or has a surface roughness Ra based on JIS B0601 of 0.1 μm or more.

In the optical waveguide formation method according to the second aspectof the first group of the present invention, desirably, theabove-mentioned part of the optical wiring immersed in thephotosensitive composition is an end of the above-mentioned opticalwiring, and a coating layer is formed n an circumference of the end ofthe optical wiring.

In the optical waveguide formation method according to the second aspectof the first group of the present invention, an optical refractive indexof the core part is desirably 90 to 110%, more desirably 95 to 105% ofan optical refractive index oftheportionoftheopticalwiring,theabove-mentionedportion being connected to the core part.

Further, as a method for connecting various optical devices to eachother through an optical fiber or the like when establishing opticalconnection, a method using a connector, a method for fusing the opticalfiber or the like with the various optical devices, a method for bondingthe optical fiber or the like to the various optical devices by anoptical adhesive, and the like have been used. However, any of thesemethods is a method for connecting the optical fiber or the like to thevarious optical devices by pressing each of the various optical deviceagainst the optical fiber or the like. Therefore, it has been said that:when connecting them, a damage of end surfaces of the optical fiber andthe optical devices or deformation of connection portions or the likeoccurs. A connection loss resulting from diffuse reflection of atransmitted light might possibly occur to the connection portions inwhich the optical fiber are connected to the respective optical devices.

Furthermore, if the method for bonding the optical fiber or the like tothe various optical devices by the optical adhesive is used, it isnecessary to carry out a highly accurate end surface processing formaking connection ends flat or spherical so as to realize low-lossconnection. Therefore, it has been said that: there is no way to avoiddisadvantages including the complicated steps and the cost increase.

If the above-mentioned self-organizing optical waveguide technique isused, the core part might be fluidized when forming the opticalwaveguide because the photosensitive composition is a liquid. As aresult, a shape of the core part became sometimes unstable. With theoptical waveguide including the core part of the unstable shape, it hasbeen disadvantageously difficult to realize low connection loss betweenthe optical devices.

As a result of dedicated study for solving these problems, the presentinventor discovered that by forming an optical waveguide connectingdifferent optical wirings to each other, and comprising a core part anda cladding part an optical signal, and then by pulling both ends of atleast the core part, the core part is not fluidized and the shape of thecore part is stabilized.

The present inventor also discovered that in an optical waveguideconnected to optical wirings or optical components, and comprising acore part and a cladding part, both ends of at least the core part beingpulled, the shape of the core part is stabilized, no damage, deformationor the like occurs to an end surface of the optical waveguide and thoseof the optical wirings or the like connected to both ends of the opticalwaveguide, respectively, and low connection loss between the differentoptical wirings or the like can be realized. The present inventor thuscompleted a second group of the present invention.

A first aspect of the second group of the present invention is aninvention relating to an optical waveguide, and a second aspect thereofis an invention relating to an optical waveguide formation method.

An optical waveguide according to the first aspect of the second groupof the present invention is an optical waveguide comprising a core partand a cladding part, each of both ends there of being connected tooptical wirings or optical components, respectively, wherein both endsof at least the core part are pulled.

In the optical waveguide according to the first aspect of the secondgroup of the present invention, the core part desirably comprises aphotosensitive composition. The cladding part desirably comprises aresin composition.

Further, an optical waveguide formation method according to the secondaspect of the second group of the present invention comprises steps of:arranging different optical wirings such that one end of one of theoptical wirings substantially faces one end of the other optical wiringand at least both of the faced ends thereof are immersed in aphotosensitive composition; and irradiating light at least from one ofthe above-mentioned optical wirings to the other optical wiring, therebyforming a core part that connects the above-mentioned optical wirings toeach other, wherein both ends of the core parts are pulled.

In the optical waveguide formation method according to the second aspectof the second group of the present invention, desirably, after pullingthe above-mentioned core part or while pulling the above-mentioned corepart, a stable cladding part is formed around the above-mentioned corepart.

Moreover, as described above, if a lens is to be arranged between anoptical component and an optical fiber during optical transmission, avery small lens should be used as the lens. In order to efficientlytransmit a light, high accuracy is required for a shape of the lens.Manufacturing of such a lens is disadvantageously complicated and hasdisadvantageously caused a cost increase.

In addition the arrangement of the lens in the optical component, theoptical fiber or the like is carried out manually or using a facilitywhich can perform positioning with high accuracy. The arrangementrequiring considerably high positioning accuracy has caused a problem ofincreased cost.

As a result of dedicated study for solving these problems, the presentinventor discovered that an optical waveguide including a core part ashape of which is such that the core part is gradually thinner towardone end of the core part can be employed in place of the above-mentionedlens, and that the optical waveguide of such a shape can be formedeasily at a low cost by using a predetermined method.

The present inventor also discovered that the optical waveguide havingthe above-mentioned shape can be formed while being directly attached toan optical wiring such as an optical component or an optical fiber, andthat the above-mentioned problems can be solved since a highly accuratepositioning step is not required when the optical waveguide is formed inthat state. The present inventor thus completed a third group of thepresent invention.

A first aspect of the third group of the present invention is aninvention relating to an optical waveguide, and a second aspect thereofis an invention relating to an optical waveguide formation method.

An optical waveguide according to the first aspect of the third group ofthe present invention is an optical waveguide formed independently of anoptical wiring, wherein a shape of a core part is formed to be graduallythinner toward one end of the core part.

In the optical waveguide according to the first aspect of the thirdgroup of the present invention, a cladding part is desirably formedaround the core part. The core part desirably comprises a photosensitivecomposition.

Further, an optical waveguide formation method according to the secondaspect of the third group of the present invention comprises a step ofirradiating light into a photosensitive composition through an opticalwiring, thereby growing a cured matter of the above-mentionedphotosensitive composition having a shape for condensing theabove-mentioned light to form a core part having such a shape that thecore part becomes gradually thinner toward one end of the core part.

In the optical waveguide formation method according to the second aspectof the third group of the present invention, desirably, after formingthe above-mentioned core part, a stable cladding part is formed aroundthe above-mentioned core part.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a partly cross-sectional view schematically showing oneembodiment of an optical transmission structural body according to thefirst aspect of the first group of the resent invention.

FIGS. 2(a) to 2(c) are partly cross-sectional views each schematicallyshowing another embodiment of the optical transmission structural bodyaccording to the first aspect of the first group of the presentinvention.

FIG. 3 is a partly cross-sectional view schematically showing stillanother embodiment of the optical transmission structural body accordingto the first aspect of the first group of the present invention.

FIGS. 4(a) and 4(b) are partly cross-sectional views each schematicallyshowing yet another embodiment of the optical transmission structuralbody according to the first aspect of the first group of the presentinvention.

FIGS. 5(a) and 5(b) are partly cross-sectional views each schematicallyshowing yet another embodiment of the optical transmission structuralbody according to the first aspect of the first group of the presentinvention.

FIG. 6 is a partly cross-sectional view schematically showing yetanother embodiment of the optical transmission structural body accordingto the first aspect of the first group of the present invention.

FIG. 7 is a partly cross-sectional view schematically showing yetanother embodiment of the optical transmission structural body accordingto the first aspect of the first group of the present invention.

FIGS. 8(a) and 8(b) are partly cross-sectional views each schematicallyshowing yet another embodiment of the optical transmission structuralbody according to the first aspect of the first group of the presentinvention.

FIGS. 9(a) and 9(b) are partly cross-sectional views each schematicallyshowing yet another embodiment of the optical transmission structuralbody according to the first aspect of the first group of the presentinvention.

FIG. 10 is a partly cross-sectional view schematically showing yetanother embodiment of the optical transmission structural body accordingto the first aspect of the first group of the present invention.

FIG. 11 is a partly cross-sectional view schematically showing anembodiment in which an optical signal is transmitted between the opticaltransmission structural bodies according to the first aspect of thefirst group of the present invention.

FIG. 12 is a partly cross-sectional view schematically showing anembodiment in which the optical transmission structural bodies accordingto the first aspect of the first group of the present invention are usedwhile being arranged.

FIG. 13 is a partly cross-sectional view schematically showing anotherembodiment of a conventional optical transmission structural body.

FIGS. 14(a) to 14(d) are schematic diagrams for describing one exampleof an optical waveguide formation method according to the second aspectof the first group of the present invention.

FIG. 15 is a schematic diagram for describing part of steps of theoptical waveguide formation method according to the second aspect of thefirst group of the present invention.

FIG. 16 is a schematic diagram for describing part of steps of theoptical waveguide formation method according to the second aspect of thefirst group of the present invention.

FIG. 17 is a schematic diagram for describing part of steps of theoptical waveguide formation method according to the second aspect of thefirst group of the present invention.

FIGS. 18(a) and 18(b) are schematic diagrams for describing part ofsteps of the optical waveguide formation method according to the secondaspect of the first group of the present invention.

FIG. 19(a) is a schematic diagram for describing part of steps of theoptical waveguide formation method according to the second aspect of thefirst group of the present invention; and FIG. 19(b) is a partlyenlarged cross-sectional view of FIG. 19(a).

FIGS. 20(a) to 20(d) are schematic diagrams for describing anotherexample of the optical waveguide formation method according to thesecond aspect of the first group of the present invention.

FIGS. 21(a ) to 21(c ) are schematic diagrams for describing anotherembodiment of the optical waveguide formation method according to thesecond aspect of the first group of the present invention.

FIG. 22 is a schematic diagram for describing part of steps of theoptical waveguide formation method according to the second aspect of thefirst group of the present invention.

FIG. 23 is a schematic diagram for describing part of steps of theoptical waveguide formation method according to the second aspect of thefirst group of the present invention.

FIG. 24 is a general view for describing the optical waveguide formationmethod according to Example 1.

FIG. 25 is a general view for describing the optical waveguide formationmethod according to Example 5.

FIGS. 26(a) to 26(c) are cross-sectional views each schematicallyshowing one example of an optical waveguide according to the firstaspect of the second group of the present invention.

FIG. 27 is a general view for describing the optical waveguide formationmethod according to Example 13.

FIGS. 28(a) to 28(d) are schematic diagrams showing examples of shapesof a core part that constitutes the optical waveguide.

FIG. 29 is a schematic diagram showing an optical waveguide in which anumber of core parts are formed in an array.

FIGS. 30(a) to 30(c) are schematic diagrams for describing oneembodiment of the optical waveguide formation method according to thesecond aspect of the third group of the present invention.

FIGS. 31(a) to 31(c ) are schematic diagrams for describing anotherembodiment of the optical waveguide formation method according to thesecond aspect of the third group of the present invention.

FIGS. 32(a) to 32(c) are schematic diagrams for describing still anotherembodiment of the optical waveguide formation method according to thesecond aspect of the third group of the present invention.

FIG. 33 is a general view for describing the optical waveguide formationmethod according to Example 15.

FIG. 34 is a general view for describing the optical waveguide formationmethod according to Example 16.

FIG. 35 is a general view showing the optical waveguide formation methodaccording to Example 14.

FIG. 36 is an enlarged plan view showing a state where an optical fiberis fixed to a V-groove substrate according to Example 14.

FIG. 37 is an enlarged plan view showing a state where the optical fiberis fixed to the V-groove substrate according to Example 14.

FIG. 38 is an enlarged cross-sectional view showing an optical waveguideformation state according to Example 14.

FIGS. 39(a) to 39(d) are schematic diagrams for describing one exampleof a method of forming a core part that connects different opticalwirings to each other using the self-organizing optical waveguidetechnique.

FIG. 40 is a partly cross-sectional view schematically showing anotherembodiment of the optical transmission structural body according to thefirst aspect of the first group of the present invention.

FIG. 41 is a partly cross-sectional view schematically showing anotherembodiment in which the optical transmission structural bodies accordingto the first aspect of the first group of the present invention are usedwhile being arranged.

FIG. 42 is an illustration for describing an optical path of lightirradiated to a photosensitive composition through a facet of an opticalwiring in the optical waveguide formation method according to the secondaspect of the first group of the present invention.

FIG. 43 is a general view for describing an optical wiring formationmethod according to Example 8.

FIG. 44 is a general view for describing the optical waveguide formationmethod according to Example 8.

FIG. 45 is a general view for describing the optical wiring formationmethod according to Reference Example 2.

EXPLANATION OF SYMBOLS

-   1001, 1011, 1021, 1031 photosensitive composition-   1002, 1012, 1012′, 1022, 1022′, 1032 optical wiring (optical fiber)-   1003, 1013, 1023, 1033 core-   1004, 1014, 1024, 1034 core part-   1005, 1015 ultraviolet irradiation device-   1100 optical transmission structural body-   1102 optical wiring-   1104 core part-   4100, 4110, 4120 optical waveguide-   4011, 4021 photosensitive composition-   4012, 4022 optical fiber-   4013, 4023 core-   4014, 4024 core part-   4105 cladding part-   5001, 5021, 5031, 5041 photosensitive composition-   5002, 5022, 5032, 5042 optical fiber-   5003, 5023 core-   5004, 5024, 5034, 5044 core part-   5007 lens-   7010 tape-shaped fiber (a plurality of optical wirings)-   7012 high pressure mercury lamp (light source)-   7013, 7018 V-groove substrate for optical fiber-   7014 UV-cured resin (photosensitive composition)-   7015, 7019 V-groove pressing plate

DETAILED DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION

First, an optical transmission structural body according to a firstaspect of a first group of the present invention will be described.

The optical transmission structural body according to the first aspectof the first group of the present invention is constituted such that:

at least an optical wiring and an optical waveguide are connected toeach other; and

an optical signal can be transmitted between a core of theabove-mentioned optical wiring and a core part of the above-mentionedoptical waveguide,

wherein

a portion of the above-mentioned optical wiring, the above-mentionedportion being connected to the core part of the above-mentioned opticalwaveguide, is not specially subjected to a planarization processing orhas a surface roughness Ra based on JIS B 0601 of 0.1 μm or more.

The optical transmission structural body according to the first aspectof the first group of the present invention is sufficiently low inconnection loss between the optical wiring and the optical waveguide,and excellent in optical signal transmission performance although theportion of the optical wiring connected to the core part of the opticalwaveguide is not specially subjected to a planarization processing orhaving a surface roughness Ra based on JIS B 0601 of 0.1 μm or more.

Further, in manufacturing the optical transmission structural body, theportion of the optical wiring connected to the core part of the opticalwaveguide can be normally formed only by cutting using a cutting toolfor cutting an electric wiring or the like without performing a highlyaccurate end surface processing. Therefore, an optical waveguideformation process can be simplified. Besides, since a manufacturingprocess can be simplified, the optical transmission structural body iseconomically advantageous.

The optical transmission structural body according to the first aspectof the first group of the present invention is constituted so that atleast the optical wiring and the optical waveguide are connected to eachother.

Any optical wiring can be employed as long as it causes a light such asultraviolet ray, visible light or infrared ray to pass and therebytransmits information. Specific examples of the optical wiring includean optical fiber and the like.

The portion of the optical wiring connected to the core part of theoptical waveguide is not specially subjected to a planarizationprocessing or has a surface roughness Ra based on JIS B 0601 of 0.1 μmor more.

As already described in “Background Art” part, if the surface roughnessRa of the end surface of the optical wiring is set at less than 0.1 μm,a complicated processing such as polishing using dispersion particlessuch as silica has been required.

Further, if the optical fiber is cut by using a fiber cleaver (fibercutter), a cut surface is a mirror surface and a surface roughness Ra ofthe cut surface is substantially zero. Therefore, by cutting the opticalfiber using the fiber cleaver, an optical wiring the fact of which hasthe surface roughness Ra based on JIS B 0601 of less than 0.1 μm can beobtained without the complicated polishing processing. However, if theoptical transmission structural body according to the first aspect ofthe first group of the present invention is manufactured using such anoptical wiring, a yield is deteriorated in a step of cutting the opticalfiber. If an array-like optical transmission structural body in whichthe optical fibers are arranged is manufactured, in particular, thedeterioration of yield is great, so that an operation itself requiresskill to a certain degree.

In contrast, if an optical wiring the end surface of which is notsubjected to the planarization processing or having the surfaceroughness Ra based on JIS B 0601 of 0.1 μm or more is used as theoptical wiring, the above-mentioned disadvantages which occur duringmanufacturing of the optical transmission structural body can beavoided.

A material for the optical wiring is not limited to a specific materialas long as it transmits light such as ultraviolet ray, visible light orinfrared ray. The material may be an inorganic material or may be anorganic material.

Examples of the inorganic material include a material mainly consistingof quartz glass, and a multi-component glass mainly consisting ofsoda-lime glass, borosilicate glass, or the like. Examples of a polymermaterial (plastic) include silicone resin, and acrylic resin such asPMMA (polymethyl methacrylate). As the polymer material (plastic), thematerial used for the optical waveguide described below can be used.

Examples of a material for the core part of the optical waveguideinclude an organic material. Specifically, examples of the organicmaterial include those similar to photosensitive compositions used foran optical waveguide formation method according to the second aspect ofthe first group of the present invention to be described later.

The core part may include particles such as resin particles, inorganicparticles or metal particles, if necessary. By including the particles,it is possible to match a thermal expansion coefficient of the opticalwaveguide to that of the optical wiring. Specifically, examples of theparticles include those similar to particles contained in thephotosensitive composition used in the optical waveguide formationmethod according to the second aspect of the first group of the presentinvention to be described later. In addition, a cladding part of theoptical waveguide to be described later may contain particles, ifnecessary.

In the optical transmission structural body, an optical refractive indexof the core part of the optical waveguide is not limited to a specificvalue. However, in view of a practically available range of the opticalrefractive index, the optical refractive index of the optical waveguideneeds to be higher than that of air or a vacuum. It is thereforedesirable that a lower limit of the optical refractive index is higherthan 1.0. In addition, in light of almost all materials that maypossibly be materials for the core part of the optical waveguide exceptfor minerals such as diamonds, an upper limit of the optical refractiveindex of the core part is desirably 2.0 or less.

It is desirable that the lower limit of the optical refractive index ofthe core part of the optical waveguide is 90% and the upper limitthereof is 110% of that of the portion of the optical wiring, saidportion being connected to the core part of the optical waveguide.

If the optical refractive index of the core part of the opticalwaveguide falls within the above-mentioned range, a return loss is 25 dBor more, thereby ensuring a more excellent optical signal transmissionperformance.

Specifically, if quartz fibers are connected by placing them face toface, a small gap (e.g., an air layer) is interposed between the opticalfibers. In this case, if the refractive index of the core of the opticalfiber is set at 1.46 and that of the gap (air layer) is set at 1.00, thereturn loss is 14.6 dB. However, the optical transmission structuralbody constituted such that the optical wiring and the optical waveguideare connected to each other and such that the core part of the opticalwaveguide has an optical refractive index falling within theabove-mentioned range, has a return loss of 25 dB or more. As comparedwith the optical fibers which are connected by placing face to face, anexcellent communication performance is ensured.

The return loss LR (dB) can be calculated using the following Equation(A):LR 32 −10 log R   (A)wherein R={(n₁−n₀)/(n₁+n₀)}2, n₁ is the refractive index of the core ofthe optical fiber, and n₀ is the refractive index of the gap (airlayer).

Furthermore, although direct comparison cannot be made, if thestructural body has the return loss of 25 dB or more, a grade of thestructural body is C in accordance with JIS C 5963 (general rules ofoptical connector having optical fiber cord).

It is desirable that the lower limit of the optical refractive index ofthe core part of the optical waveguide is 95% of that of the portion ofthe optical wiring, said portion being connected to the core part of theoptical waveguide. It is desirable that the upper limit of the opticalrefractive index of the core part of the optical waveguide is 105%thereof.

If the optical refractive index of the core part of the opticalwaveguide falls within the above-mentioned range, the return loss is 30dB or more, thereby ensuring more excellent optical signal transmissionperformance.

Although direct comparison cannot be made, if the optical transmissionstructural body has the return loss of 30 dB or more, the grade thereofis D in accordance with to JIS C 5963.

It is more desirable that the lower limit of the optical refractiveindex of the core part of the optical waveguide is 98% of that of theportion of the optical wiring, said portion being connected to the corepart of the optical waveguide. It is more desirable that the upper limitof the optical refractive index of the core part of the opticalwaveguide is 102% thereof.

If the optical refractive index of the core part of the opticalwaveguide falls within the above-mentioned range, the return loss is 40dB or more (39.9 dB or more to be accurate), thereby ensuringparticularly excellent optical signal transmission performance.

Although direct comparison cannot be made, if the optical transmissionstructural body has the return loss of40 dB or more, the grade thereofis F in accordance with JIS C 5963.

If an optical signal is incident on the optical transmission structuralbody using a semiconductor laser or the like, generation of a reflectedlight on an interface between the optical wiring and the opticalwaveguide becomes causes of a noise. However, if the return loss is 40dB or more, the generation of the noise resulting from the reflectedlight can be suppressed.

If the reflected light returns to the semiconductor laser, lasing ismade unstable and a malfunction of the semiconductor laser occurs insome cases. However, by setting the return loss at 40 dB or more, such adisadvantage can be avoided.

If the quartz fibers are connected by placing face to face, a method forreducing the return loss by filling the gap between the fibers with amaterial (e.g., silicon oil) having an equivalent optical refractiveindex range is generally used. However, if the optical wiring the endsurface of which not subjected to a planarization processing or has thesurface roughness Ra based on JIS B 0601 of 0.1 μm or more is used asseen in the present invention, an unnecessary gap is inevitably formedwhen placing the optical wirings face to face, resulting in thedeterioration of the optical connection loss. They have been practicallyunavoidable disadvantages.

Furthermore, in the optical transmission structural body according tothe first aspect of the first group of the present invention, if thecore part of the optical waveguide is inevitably formed by curing thephotosensitive composition, the core part desirably has the opticalrefractive index in the above-mentioned range, and the lower limit ofthe optical refractive index of the core part before curing, i.e., thelower limit of the optical refractive index of the photosensitivecomposition is desirably 90% of that of the core of the optical wiring,more desirably 95%, most desirably 98%. The upper limit thereof isdesirably 110% of the optical refractive index of the core of theoptical wiring, more desirably 105%, most desirably 102%.

If the optical refractive index of the photosensitive composition itselffalls within the above-mentioned range, the transmission loss of theoptical signal between the core of the optical wiring and the core partof the optical waveguide can be reduced, and excellent reliability canbe ensured.

The terms “the optical refractive index of the portion of the opticalwiring, said portion being connected to the core part of the opticalwaveguide” means the optical refractive index of the core or the like ofa step index optical fiber (“SI optical fiber”) which has a singleoptical refractive index. If the portion connected to the core part ofthe optical waveguide is a core such as that of a graded index opticalfiber (“GI optical fiber”), the core of the optical wiring has anoptical refractive index in a certain range. Therefore, theabove-mentioned terms means a peak optical refractive index of the coreof the optical wiring.

It is noted that if the core part of the optical waveguide formedaccording to the first aspect of the first group of the presentinvention has the optical refractive index in a certain range, a peakoptical refractive index of the core part is similarly referred to asthe optical refractive index of the core part.

Embodiments of the optical transmission structural body according to thefirst aspect of the first group of the present invention will bedescribed hereinafter with reference to the drawings.

FIG. 1 is a partly cross-sectional view typically showing one embodimentof the optical transmission structural body according to the firstaspect of the first group of the present invention.

As shown in FIG. 1, an optical transmission structural body 1100 isconstituted so that an optical wiring 1102 comprising a core 1103 and acladding 1105 is connected to an optical waveguide comprising a corepart 1104. A portion 1103 a of the optical wiring 1102 connected to thecore part 1104 of the optical waveguide is not specially subjected to aplanarization processing or has the surface roughness Ra based on JIS B0601 of 0.1 μm or more. In the optical transmission structural body1100, a portion 1105 a of the cladding 1105 flush with the connectedportion 1103 a is not specially subjected to the planarizationprocessing or has the surface roughness Ra based on JIS B 0601 of 0.1 μmor more, similarly to the portion 1103 a.

In such an optical transmission structural body 1100, it is possible toensure transmitting an optical signal between the optical wiring 1102and the core part 1104 of the optical waveguide.

Further, in the optical transmission structural body shown in FIG. 1, anend surface 1104 a of the core part of the optical waveguide at oppositeside to a side on which the optical wiring is connected is of a shapeperpendicular to a longitudinal direction of the core part and plane.However, the shape of the end surface of the optical waveguide thatconstitutes the optical transmission structural body according to thefirst aspect of the first group of the present invention is not limitedto the shape shown in FIG. 1.

Specifically, as shown in FIGS. 2(a) to 2(c), the shape of the endsurface of the core part of the optical waveguide at the opposite sideto the side on which the optical wiring is connected may be an inclinedface or a spherical face.

FIGS. 2(a) to 2(c) are partly cross-sectional views schematicallyshowing another embodiments of the optical transmission structural bodyaccording to the first aspect of the first group of the presentinvention.

As shown in FIG. 2(a), in an optical transmission structural body 1110,an optical path conversion mirror (inclined face) 1114 a is formed on anend surface of a core part 1114 of an optical waveguide at opposite sideto a side on which an optical wiring 1112 is connected. If the opticalpath conversion mirror 1114 a is formed, a direction of an optical pathof an optical signal transmitted through the optical wiring 1112 and thecore part 1114 of the optical waveguide can be changed to a desireddirection.

It is noted that the optical transmission structural body 1110 is equalto the optical transmission structural body 1100 shown in FIG. 1 inconfiguration except that the optical path conversion mirror 1114 a isformed. In FIG. 2(a), reference symbol 1113 represents a core and 1115represents a cladding.

As shown in FIG. 2(b), in an optical transmission structural body 1120,an end surface 1124 a of a core part 1124 of an optical waveguide at theopposite side to a side on which an optical wiring 1122 is connected issubjected to an anti optical reflection processing.

Namely, in the optical transmission structural body 1110 shown in FIG.1, the end surface 1104 a of the optical waveguide at opposite side tothe side on which the optical wiring is connected is formed to beperpendicular to an optical axis of the core part of the opticalwaveguide. The end surface 1124 a of the core part 1124 of the opticalwaveguide in the optical transmission structural body 1120 shown in FIG.2(b),by contrast, is an inclined face inclined at 8°, as compared withthe end surface 1104 a of the core part 1104 shown in FIG. 1.

Thus, if the end surface of the optical waveguide at the opposite sideto the side on which the optical wiring is connected inclined at apredetermined angle, reflection of the optical signal by the end surfacecan be prevented during transmission of the optical signal through theoptical wiring and the optical waveguide. Needless to say, in theoptical transmission structural body according to the first aspect ofthe first group of the present invention, the inclination angle of theinclined face is not limited to a specific angle.

It is noted that the optical transmission structural body 1120 equal inconfiguration to the optical transmission structural body 1100 shown inFIG. 1 except that the optical path conversion mirror 1124 a is formedthereto. In FIG. 2(b), reference symbol 1123 represents a core and 1125represents a cladding. The cross-sectional view of FIG. 2(b)schematically shows the embodiment according to the first aspect of thefirst group of the present invention. The inclination angle of the endsurface of the core part shown in FIG. 2(b) is shown bigger than 8° soas to help understand the embodiment.

As shown in FIG. 2(c), in an optical transmission structural body 1130,a lens 1134 a is formed on an end surface of a core part 1134 of anoptical waveguide at an opposite side to a side on which an opticalwiring 1132 is connected. If the lens 1134 a is formed as describedabove, the light does not spread when the optical signal transmittedthrough the optical wiring 1132 and the core part 1134 of the opticalwaveguide is emitted. Therefore, if an optical component is arranged tobe opposed to the end surface on which the lens 1134 a is formed, theoptical signal can be preferably transmitted between the opticaltransmission structural body and the optical component.

It is noted that the optical transmission structural body 1130 is equalin configuration to the optical transmission structural body 1100 shownin FIG. 1 except that the lens 1134 a is formed on the end surface ofthe core part. In FIG. 2(c), reference symbol 1133 represents a core and1135 represents a cladding.

Furthermore, in the optical transmission structural body according tothe first aspect of the first group of the present invention, in case alens is formed on the end surface of the core part, the shape of thelens is not limited to a specific one.

In the optical transmission structural body, the shape of the endsurface of the core part of the optical waveguide at the opposite sideto the side on which the optical wiring is connected may be a slightlycurved face that does not specially function as a lens. The slightlycurved end surface can be used when the optical transmission structuralbodies each having the end surface of such a shape are physicallybrought into contact with each other.

Moreover, in the optical transmission structural body according to thefirst aspect of the first group of the present invention, the shape ofthe core part of the optical waveguide may be such that the core part isgradually thinner from an end on the side on which the optical wiring isconnected to an opposite end, or such that the core part is graduallythicker. In some cases, the shape of the core part of the opticalwaveguide may be such that the core part is gradually thinner from theend on the side on which the optical wiring is connected to the oppositeend, the core part is formed thick at one point, and then thinner again.

Namely, it is not always necessary that the shape of the core part ofthe optical waveguide such that a cross-sectional shape in a directionperpendicular to an optical axis is equal from one end to the other endof the core part.

Further, in the optical transmission structural body according to thefirst aspect of the first group of the present invention, the core partof the optical waveguide may include at least one bent portion.

FIG. 3 is a partly cross-sectional view schematically showing stillanother embodiment of the optical transmission structural body accordingto the first aspect of the first group of the present invention.

As shown in FIG. 3, in an optical transmission structural body 1140, abent portion 1144 a is formed on a core part 1144 of an opticalwaveguide. If the bent portion 1144 a is formed, a direction of atransmission path of an optical signal through the core part 1144 can bechanged to a desired direction. The optical transmission structural body1140 is equal in configuration to the optical transmission structuralbody 1100 shown in FIG. 1 except that the bent portion 1144 a is formed.In FIG. 3, reference symbol 1143 represents a core and 1145 represents acladding.

The number of the bent portions formed on the core part is not limitedto one, as shown in FIG. 3, but may be two or more.

An angle of the bent portion is not limited to 90°, as shown in FIG. 3,but may be an arbitrary angle.

In the optical transmission structural body according to the firstaspect of the first group of the present invention shown in each ofFIGS. 1 to 3, the optical signal is emitted or incident through the endsurface of the core part of the optical waveguide at opposite side tothe side on which the optical wiring is connected in one direction.However, in the optical transmission structural body according to thefirst aspect of the first group of the present invention, the opticalsignal may be emitted or incident in two or more different directions.If the shape of the end surface is made such a shape, the opticaltransmission structural body according to the first aspect of the firstgroup of the present invention can function as, for example, an opticalcoupler (an optical branching device). Specific examples of the opticalcoupler will next be described with reference to the drawings.

FIGS. 4(a) and 4(b) are partly cross-sectional views each schematicallyshowing yet embodiment of the optical transmission structural bodyaccording to the first aspect of the first group of the presentinvention.

As shown in FIG. 4(a), in an optical transmission structural body 1150,a mirror for optical branching 1154 a is formed on an end surface of acore part 1154 of an optical waveguide at opposite side to a side onwhich an optical wiring 1152 is connected. The mirror for opticalbranching 1154 a is constituted by two reflection surfaces at 90°against each other. Therefore, in case an optical signal is emittedthrough the mirror for optical branching 1154 a, the optical signal isemitted in different directions through the respective two reflectionsurfaces.

The optical transmission structural body 1150 is equal in configurationto the optical transmission structural body 1100 shown in FIG. 1 exceptthat the mirror for optical branching 1154 a is formed. In FIG. 4(a),reference symbol 1153 represents a core and 1155 represents a cladding.

In an optical transmission structural body 1160 shown in FIG. 4(b),similarly to the optical transmission structural body 1150 shown in FIG.4(a), a mirror for optical branching 1164 a is formed on an end surfaceof a core part 1164 of an optical waveguide at opposite side to a sideon which an optical wiring 1162 is connected. This optical pathconversion mirror can separate an optical signal emitted from the endsurface of the core part 1164 of the optical waveguide at opposite sideto the side on which the optical wiring 1162 is connected to two opticalsignals.

The optical transmission structural body 1160 shown in FIG. 4(b) differsfrom the optical transmission structural body 1150 shown in FIG. 4(a)only in a direction of each reflection surface of the mirror for opticalbranching. That is, in the optical transmission structural body 1150,the mirror for optical branching 1154 a is formed to be concave on theoptical wiring 1152 side. In the optical transmission structural body1160, the mirror for optical branching 1164 a is formed to protrude toan opposite side to the optical wiring 1162. In FIG. 4(b), referencesymbol 1163 represents a core and 1165 represents a cladding.

The optical transmission structural bodies 1150 and 1160 shown in FIGS.4(a) and 4(b), respectively, can function as optical couplers.

FIGS. 5(a) and 5(b) are partly cross-sectional views each schematicallyshowing yet another embodiments of the optical transmission structuralbody according to the first aspect of the first group of the presentinvention.

As shown in FIG. 5(a), in an optical transmission structural body 1170,a core part 1174 of an optical waveguide that constitutes this opticaltransmission structural body 1170 includes two end surfaces 1174 a and1174 b formed at different positions. The end surface 1174 a is anoptical path conversion mirror.

In the optical transmission structural body 1170 constituted asdescribed above, an optical signal transmitted from an optical wiring1172 to the core part 1174 of the optical waveguide can be separated toan optical signal transmitted through the end surface 1174 a and anoptical signal transmitted through the end surface 1174 b. In addition,optical signals separately incident through the end surfaces 1174 a and1174 b, respectively can be both transmitted through the optical wiring1172.

The optical transmission structural body 1170 is equal in configurationto the optical transmission structural body 1100 shown in FIG. 1 exceptfor the structure of the optical waveguide 1174. In FIG. 5(a), referencesymbol 1173 represents a core and 1175 represents a cladding.

As shown in FIG. 5(b), in an optical transmission structural body 1180,a core part 1184 of an optical waveguide that constitutes this opticaltransmission structural body 1180 is branched halfway, and has two endsurfaces 1184 a and 1184 b formed at different positions.

In the optical transmission structural body 1180 constituted asdescribed above, an optical signal transmitted from an optical wiring1182 to the core part 1184 of the optical waveguide can be separated toan optical signal transmitted through the end surface 1184 a and anoptical signal transmitted through the end surface 1184 b. In addition,optical signals separately incident through the end surfaces 1184 a and1184 b, respectively, can be both transmitted through the optical wiring1182.

The optical transmission structural body 1180 is equal in configurationto the optical transmission structural body 1100 shown in FIG. 1 exceptfor the structure of the optical waveguide 1184. In FIG. 5(a), referencesymbol 1183 represents a core and 1185 represents a cladding.

The optical transmission structural bodies 1170 and 1180 shown in FIGS.5(a) and 5(b), respectively, can function as optical couplers similarlyto those shown in FIGS. 4(a) and 4(b).

Furthermore, the optical transmission structural body according to thefirst aspect of the first group of the present invention may be embodiedby the following embodiments to be described below with reference to thedrawings.

FIG. 6 is a partly cross-sectional view schematically showing yetanother embodiment of the optical transmission structural body accordingto the first aspect of the first group of the present invention.

As shown in FIG. 6, in an optical transmission structural body 1190, aroughened surface 1195 a is formed on a surface of a cladding 1195 thatconstitutes an optical wiring 1192. If the roughened surface 1195 a isthus formed, adhesion between the optical transmission structural body1190 according to the first aspect of the first group of the presentinvention and the other optical component, a ferrule, or the like isimproved when the optical transmission structural body is attached tothe other optical component, the ferrule, or the like through anadhesive or the like.

The optical transmission structural body 1190 is equal in configurationto the optical transmission structural body 1100 shown in FIG. 1 exceptthat the roughened surface 1195 a is formed. In FIG. 6, reference symbol1193 represents a core.

Moreover, in the optical transmission structural body according to thefirst aspect of the first group of the present invention, a portion onwhich the roughened surface is formed is not limited to the surface ofthe cladding, but may be a portion other than that connected to the corepart of the optical waveguide on a surface of the optical wiring.

A method for forming the roughened surface on the optical wiring is notlimited to a specific method. The roughened surface can be formed byphysical polishing, chemical polishing or the like.

As the physical polishing, a method such as a scrub method usingsandpaper, a wrapping paper or the like can be used.

As the chemical polishing, a method such as an immersion method forimmersing the optical wiring in a solution that can dissolve the opticalwiring can be used. Specifically, if the optical wiring is a quartzoptical fiber, a method for immersing the optical wiring in a strongalkali solution such as KOH, a strong acid solution such as HF, or thelike that can dissolve the cladding comprising quartz glass, or the likecan be used.

In the optical transmission structural body, the optical wiring may besubjected to a surface modification processing. If the optical wiring issubjected to the surface modification processing, the adhesion to theother optical component such as a ferrule is improved similarly to theinstance in which the roughened surface is formed on the optical wiring.

The shape of the optical waveguide 1194 in the optical transmissionstructural body 1190 shown in FIG. 6 is equal to the structure of theoptical waveguide 1104 in the optical transmission structural body 1100shown in FIG. 1. However, in the optical transmission structural body inwhich the roughened surface is formed on the portion other than theportion connected to the core part of the optical waveguide on thesurface of the optical wiring, the optical waveguide may have the shapeshown in one of FIGS. 2 to 5 or the other shape.

The optical transmission structural body shown in each of FIGS. 1 to 6is constituted such that the core of the optical wiring is connected tothe core part of the optical waveguide. In the optical transmissionstructural body according to the first aspect of the first group of thepresent invention, the core of the optical wiring is not always,directly connected to the core part of the optical waveguide as long asthe optical transmission structural body is constituted to be able totransmit the optical signal between the optical wiring and the opticalwaveguide. Therefore, the optical transmission structural body accordingto the first aspect of the first group of the present invention may havea structure shown in FIG. 7.

FIG. 7 is a partly cross-sectional view schematically showing yetanother embodiment of the optical transmission structural body accordingto the first aspect of the first group of the present invention.

In an optical transmission structural body 1200 shown in FIG. 7, one endsurface 1202 a of an optical wiring 1202 is shaped to be able tofunction as a mirror. Therefore, the optical transmission structuralbody 1200 is constituted such that a core 1203 of the optical wiring1202 is not directly connected to a core part 1204 of an opticalwaveguide, and such that an optical signal can be transmitted through acladding 1205. In addition, a portion 1205 a of a cladding 1205 of theoptical wiring 1202 connected to the core part 1204 of the opticalwaveguide and a neighborhood of the portion 1205 a are not speciallysubjected to a planarization processing or surface roughness Ra of theportion 1205 a and that of the neighborhood of the portion 1205 a basedon JIS B 0601 are 0.1 μm or more.

In the optical transmission structural body constituted as describedabove, the optical signal can be preferably transmitted between the coreof the optical wiring and the core part of the optical waveguide throughthe cladding of the optical wiring. In such an optical transmissionstructural body, the cladding of the optical wiring is made of amaterial excellent in optical signal transmissivity.

Further, in the optical transmission structural body according to thefirst aspect of the first group of the present invention, a length ofthe optical waveguide connected to the optical wiring is not limited toa specific length, and does not always need to be a length to a certaindegree as shown in the optical waveguides shown in FIGS. 1 to 7.

FIG. 40 is a partly cross-sectional view schematically showing anotherembodiment of the optical transmission structural body according to thefirst aspect of the first group of the present invention.

In an optical transmission structural body 1400 shown in FIG. 40, asemispherical optical waveguide 1404 that can function as a lens isconnected to an end surface 1403 a of a core 1403 of an optical wiring1402. As can be seen, in the optical transmission structural bodyaccording to the first aspect of the first group of the presentinvention, the optical waveguide that can function as a lens may bedirectly connected to the optical wiring.

In FIG. 40, reference symbol 1405 represents a cladding.

Further, in the optical transmission structural body according to thefirst aspect of the first group of the present invention, the portion ofthe optical wiring connected to the core part of the optical waveguideis not specially subjected to a planarization processing or a surfaceroughness Ra of the portion based on JIS B 0601 is 0.1 μm.Irregularities are normally present in this portion. The opticaltransmission structural body according to the first aspect of the firstgroup of the present invention may be constituted to include such anoptical wiring, the optical waveguide may be formed only in a concaveportion of the end surface of the core of the optical wiring.

In the optical transmission structural body shown in each of FIGS. 1 to7 and FIG. 40, the optical wiring that constitutes the opticaltransmission structural body comprises the core and the cladding. Theoptical wiring that constitutes the optical transmission structural bodyaccording to the first aspect of the first group of the presentinvention may have a coating layer formed on a circumference of an endof the optical waveguide on the side on which the core part of theoptical waveguide is connected.

The optical transmission structural body having the coating layer formedon the circumference of the optical wiring will now be described withreference to the drawings. FIGS. 8(a) and 8(b) are partlycross-sectional views each schematically showing yet another embodimentsof the optical transmission structural body according to the firstaspect of the first group of the present invention.

In an optical transmission structural body 1210 shown in FIG. 8(a), acore 1213 of an optical wiring 1212 is directly connected to a core part1214 of an optical waveguide, and a coating layer 1217 is formed on acircumference of an end of the optical wiring 1212 on a side on whichthe core part 1214 of the optical waveguide is connected. It is notedthat the optical transmission structural body 1210 is equal inconfiguration to the optical transmission structural body 1100 shown inFIG. 1 except that the coating layer 1217 is formed. In FIG. 8(a),reference symbol 1215 represents a cladding.

Since the coating layer is formed in such a portion, the opticaltransmission structural body 1210 is more excellent in mechanicalstrength. This reason will next be described briefly with reference tothe drawing.

FIG. 13 is a partly cross-sectional view schematically showing anotherembodiment of a conventional optical transmission structural body. In aconventional optical transmission structural body 1300 shown in FIG. 13,even if a coating layer is formed on a circumference of an opticalwiring, no coating layer is formed on a circumference 1305 a of aportion of the optical wiring 1302 which is connected to a core part1304 of an optical waveguide. Conventionally, when the core of theoptical wiring is connected to the core part of the optical waveguide,it has been understood that it is necessary to carry out theplanarization processing to the end surface of the optical wiring asdescribed above. To carry out the planarization processing such as apolishing processing, it has been necessary to peel off the coatinglayer around the end surface of the optical wiring to thereby expose thecore 1303 and a cladding 1305 for the planarization processing.

As can be understood, the optical transmission structural body in whichthe coating layer on the circumference of the portion of the opticalwiring 1302 which portion is connected to the core part 1304 of theoptical waveguide is peeled off tends to be bent at the portion 1305 afrom which this coating layer is peeled off when an external force isapplied to the optical transmission structural body. This opticaltransmission structural body is inferior in mechanical strength to theoptical transmission structural body 1210 in which the coating layer1217 is formed on the circumference of the end of the optical wiring1212 on the side on which the core part 1214 of the optical waveguide isconnected shown in FIG. 8.

Furthermore, the optical transmission structural body having the coatinglayer formed on the circumference of the optical wiring may be anoptical transmission structural body 1410 shown in FIG. 8(b) constitutedso that: end surfaces (an end surface 1413 a of a core 1413 and an endsurface 1415 a of a cladding 1415) of an optical wiring 1412 on a sideon which a core part 1414 of an optical waveguide is connected arepresent inside of an end surface 1417 a of a coating layer 1417, and sothat the end surface of the optical wiring having the coating layerformed thereon may be concave.

In the optical transmission structural body 1410 having such a shape, aneighborhood (indicated by “A” in FIG. 8(b)) of a portion of the corepart 1414 connected to the optical wiring can be protected to a certaindegree. In this case, therefore, the optical transmission structuralbody is excellent in mechanical strength.

The embodiment of the optical transmission structural body shown in FIG.8(b) is equal to the embodiment of the optical transmission structuralbody shown in FIG. 8(a) except that the end face thereof on the side forthe connection to the core part of the optical waveguide exists at aninner side from the end face of the coating layer.

Furthermore, in the optical transmission structural body in which thecoating layer is formed on the circumference of the end of the opticalwiring on the side on which the core part of the optical waveguide isconnected as shown in each of FIGS. 8(a) and 8(b), the end surface ofthe coating layer (represented by reference symbol 1217 a in FIG. 8(a),and reference symbol 1417 a in FIG. 8(b)) maybe subjected to aplanarization processing. However, it is desired that: the end surfaceof the coating layer is not specially subjected to the planarizationprocessing, or a surface roughness Ra of the end surface of the coatinglayer based on JIS B 0601 is 0.1 μm or more.

Furthermore, the embodiments of the optical transmission structural bodyhaving the coating layer formed on the circumference of the opticalwiring are not limited to those shown in FIGS. 8(a) and 8(b). If thecoating layer is transparent (transparent to a communication wavelengthlight), for example, a position at which the core part of the opticalwaveguide is connected to the optical wiring may be on the surface ofthe coating layer. In this case, if a mirror is formed on the endsurface of the optical wiring at a desired angle, the optical signal canbe transmitted through the coating layer and this structural body canfunction as an optical transmission structural body.

In the optical transmission structural body shown in each of FIGS. 1 to8, the air around the core part of the optical waveguide functions asthe cladding part. In the optical transmission structural body accordingto the first aspect of the first group of the present invention, acladding part comprising an organic material or the like may be formedaround the core part of the optical waveguide. If the optical waveguideis constituted by the core part and the cladding part comprising theair, the core part is quite unstable per se, tends to be damaged, and isrequired to be dealt with quite carefully. Therefore, the opticaltransmission structural body is not so practical.

If the cladding part comprising the organic material or the like isformed around the core part, the organic material may be completelycured, semi-cured, or uncured. Desirably, the organic material iscompletely cured. This is because if the organic material is semi-curedor uncured, the core part is unstable and should be dealt with quitecarefully, similarly to the instance in which the cladding part is madeof the air.

If the cladding part comprises the completely cured organic material, bycontrast, the mechanical strength of the optical waveguide is improved.

Moreover, in the optical transmission structural body according to thefirst aspect of the first group of the present invention, the endsurface of the optical waveguide at opposite side to the side on whichthe optical wiring is connected may be subjected to various end surfaceprocessings as described above. Alternatively, the other opticalcomponents may be directly connected to the end surface of the opticalwaveguide.

Specific examples of the instance in which the other optical componentis directly connected to the end surface of the optical waveguide willbe described with reference to the drawings.

FIGS. 9(a) and 9(b) are partly cross-sectional views each schematicallyshowing yet another embodiments of the optical transmission structuralbody according to the first aspect of the first group of the presentinvention.

As shown in FIG. 9(a), in an optical transmission structural body 1220,an end of a core part 1224 of an optical waveguide on a opposite side tothe side on which an optical wiring 1222 is connected is also connectedto the other optical wiring 1232. In addition, a solidified claddingpart 1228 is formed around the core part 1224.

In the optical transmission structural body 1220 constituted asdescribed above, an optical signal can be preferably transmitted betweenthe optical wiring 1222 and the optical wiring 1232 through the opticalwaveguide.

In this optical transmission structural body 1220, similarly to theabove, at least one of portions of the optical wirings 1222 and 1232which are connected to the core part 1224 of the optical waveguide isnot specially subjected to a planarization processing, or a surfaceroughness Ra of at least one of the portions based on JIS B 0601 is 0.1μm or more. In FIG. 9(a), reference symbols 1223 and 1233 representcores, and 122.5 and 1235 represent cladding parts.

As shown in FIG. 9(b), in an optical transmission structural body 1240,an end of a core part 1244 of an optical wiring at opposite side to aside on which an optical wiring 1242 is connected is connected to anoptical element 1249. In addition, a solidified cladding part 1248 isformed around the core part 1244.

In the optical transmission structural body 1240 constituted asdescribed above, if the optical element is a light receiving element, anoptical signal transmitted through the optical wiring and the opticalwaveguide can be received by this light receiving element. If theoptical element is a light emitting element, an optical signaltransmitted from this light emitting element can be transmitted throughthe optical waveguide and the optical wiring. In FIG. 9(b), referencesymbol 1243 represents a core and 1245 represents a cladding part.

Furthermore, in the optical transmission structural body 1240, a surfaceprotection layer 1249 a comprising resin is formed on a surface of theoptical element 1249 on a side on which the optical element 1249 isconnected to the optical waveguide 1244. A portion of this surfaceprotection layer 1249 a connected to the optical waveguide may not bespecially subjected to a planarization processing. A material for thesurface coating layer may be the same as a material for the core part orthe cladding part.

As can be seen, in the optical transmission structural body according tothe first aspect of the first group of the present invention, if theother optical component (including the optical wiring) is connected tothe end surface of the optical waveguide at opposite side to the side onwhich the optical wiring is connected, then the portion of the opticalcomponent connected to the core part of the optical waveguide may not bespecially subjected to the planarization processing, or a surfaceroughness Ra of the portion based on JIS B 0601 may be 0.1 μm or more.In this case, similarly to the above, the optical signal can bepreferably transmitted between the optical element and the opticalwaveguide.

In the optical transmission structural body shown in each of FIGS. 9(a)and 9(b), the optical wiring or the optical element (the light receivingelement or the light emitting element) is connected to the end of theoptical waveguide at opposite side to the side on which the opticalwiring is connected. However, the optical component that can beconnected to the end of the optical waveguide is not limited to theoptical wiring or the optical element but the other optical componentcan be connected thereto. Specific examples of the other opticalcomponent include optical components such as a lens, a prism, a filterand a mirror.

Furthermore, the optical component formed on the end surface of theoptical waveguide on the side on which the optical waveguide isconnected to the optical wiring is a optical component such as a lens, aprism, a filter or a mirror, an optical wiring or the like, the otheroptical waveguide may be connected to the optical component or theoptical wiring so as to be able to transmit the optical signal betweenthe other optical waveguide and the optical waveguide connected to theoptical wiring through the optical component.

In addition, in the optical transmission structural body in which theoptical component (the optical wiring, the optical element, the opticalcomponent or the like) is connected to the end of the optical waveguideat opposite side to the side on which the optical wiring of the corepart is connected, a roughened surface may be formed on a portion otherthan the portion of the optical component which is connected to the corepart.

This is because if the roughened surface is formed, adhesion is improvedwhen the optical transmission structural body is attached to the otheroptical component through adhesive.

FIG. 10 is a partly cross-sectional view schematically showing yetanother embodiment of the optical transmission structural body accordingto the first aspect of the first group of the present invention.

As shown in FIG. 10, in an optical transmission structural body 1250,optical wirings 1252 and 1262 are connected to both ends of an opticalwaveguide comprising a core part 1254, respectively. Coating layers 1257and 1267 are formed on circumference of ends of the respective opticalwirings 1252 and 1262 connected to the core part 1254 of the opticalwaveguide.

Since the coating layers 1257 and 1267 are formed, the opticaltransmission structural body 1250 constituted as described above isexcellent in mechanical strength for the reasons described above. InFIG. 10, reference symbols 1253 and 1263 represent cores, and 1255 and1265 represent cladding parts.

Various embodiments of the optical transmission structural bodyaccording to the first aspect of the first group of the presentinvention have been described so far with reference to the drawings.However, embodiments of the optical transmission structural bodyaccording to the first aspect of the first group of the presentinvention are not limited to these embodiments.

A method for manufacturing the optical transmission structural body willbe described later in detail.

In addition, embodiments of the single optical transmission structuralbody have been described so far. A combination of a plurality of opticaltransmission structural bodies according to the first aspect of thefirst group of the present invention can be used. Specific embodimentsof the combination of the optical transmission structural bodies will bedescribed with reference to the drawings.

FIG. 11 is a partly cross-sectional view schematically showing anembodiment in which an optical signal is transmitted between the opticaltransmission structural bodies according to the first aspect of thefirst group of the present invention.

In the embodiment shown in FIG. 11, two optical transmission structuralbodies 1270 and 1280 are arranged such that an optical signal can betransmitted between the optical transmission structural bodies 1270 and1280, i.e., so that an end of an optical waveguide of one opticaltransmission structural body at opposite side to the side on which anoptical wiring is connected is opposed to an end of an optical waveguideof the other optical transmission structural body.

It is noted that the optical transmission structural bodies 1270 and1280 are equal in configuration to the optical transmission structuralbody shown in FIG. 2(c) except that solidified cladding parts 1278 and1288 are formed around core parts 1274 and 1284 of the respectiveoptical waveguides, and that lenses 1279 and 1289 are formed on endsurfaces of core parts 1274 and 1284 of the respective opticalwaveguides at opposite side to the sides on which the optical waveguidesare connected to optical wirings 1272 and 1283. In FIG. 11, referencesymbols 1273 and 1283 represent cores, and 1275 and 1285 representcladding parts.

In this embodiment, the optical signal can be preferably transmittedbetween the optical transmission structural bodies.

Further, even if a shape of the end surface of each core part is acurved surface which does not specially function as a lens and which isslightly curved, the optical transmission structural bodies are arrangedsuch that the side of the optical waveguide of one optical transmissionstructural body on which the optical wiring is connected is opposed tothe side of the optical waveguide of the other optical transmissionstructural body, as seen in the embodiment shown in FIG. 11. Inaddition, by causing these optical transmission structural bodies topress each other, interposition of airs having different opticalrefractive index can be minimized in a gap between the opticaltransmission structural bodies, the optical transmission structuralbodies can efficiently contact each other in contact portions thereof,and the optical signal can be preferably transmitted between the opticaltransmission structural bodies.

If the both optical transmission structural bodies are arranged so as tobe able to transmit the optical signal between them, it is not alwaysnecessary to form the lens on the end surface of one opticaltransmission structural body opposed to the other optical transmissionstructural body as shown in FIG. 11 but the end surface may have anarbitrary shape.

FIG. 12 is a partly cross-sectional view schematically showing anembodiment in which the optical transmission structural bodies accordingto the first aspect of the first group of the present invention are usedwhile being arranged.

In the embodiment shown in FIG. 12, four optical transmission structuralbodies 1290 a to 1290 d are arranged equidistantly, and lenses 1299 a to1299 d are formed on ends of optical waveguides in the opticaltransmission structural bodies opposite to sides on which the opticalwaveguides are connected to optical wirings, respectively.

Resin layers 1296 a to 1296 c are formed in gaps between the opticaltransmission structural bodies and adjacent optical transmissionstructural bodies, respectively. The resin layers 1296 a to 1296 c fixthe adjacent optical transmission structural bodies to one another. Amaterial for the resin layers 1296 a to 1296 d may be either the same asor different from a material for a core part 1294 or a cladding part1298. In addition, the layers 1296 a to 1296 c are not limited to resinlayers but may be simply air layers or layers of an inorganic mattersuch as glass.

By employing optical transmission structural bodies in such anembodiment, the optical transmission structural bodies can function asan array-like optical transmission structural body capable oftransmitting an optical signal on many paths simultaneously.

It is noted that each of the optical transmission structural bodies 1290a to 1290 d is equal in configuration to the optical transmissionstructural body 1270 shown in FIG. 11. In FIG. 12, reference symbol 1293represents a core and 1295 represents a cladding part.

In the embodiment shown in FIG. 12, portions of the optical wiringsconnected to the optical waveguides in all the optical transmissionstructural bodies 1290 a to 1290 d are uniform. However, the portionsare not always uniform in the respective optical transmission structuralbodies.

FIG. 41 is a partly cross-sectional view schematically showing anotherembodiment in which the optical transmission structural bodies accordingto the first aspect of the first group of the present invention are usedwhile being arranged.

In the embodiment shown in FIG. 41, four optical transmission structuralbodies 1410 a to 1410 d are arranged equidistantly, and lenses 1419 a to1419 d are formed on ends of optical waveguides in the opticaltransmission structural bodies opposite to sides on which the opticalwaveguides are connected to optical wirings, respectively, similarly tothe embodiment shown in FIG. 12.

Further, in the embodiment shown in FIG. 41, positions of interfacesbetween the optical wirings each comprising a core part 1413 and acladding part 1415 and the optical waveguides each comprising a corepart 1414 and a cladding part 1418 are not uniform. Shapes of the endsof the optical wirings on the sides on which the optical wirings areconnected to the optical waveguide are not the same among the opticaltransmission structural bodies 1410 a to 1410 d.

In the embodiment shown in FIG. 41, a gap between one of the opticaltransmission structural bodies and the adjacent optical transmissionstructural body is constituted by a resin layer 1416 and an air layer.Specifically, the gap between each optical transmission structural bodyand the adjacent optical transmission structural body and the gapbetween a neighborhood of the end of each optical wiring on the side onwhich the optical wiring is connected and the adjacent optical wiring isconstituted by the air layers, respectively. On the other hand, the gapbetween the adjacent optical wirings other than the neighborhoods of theends thereof comprises the resin layer. It is noted that the resin layerfixes the adjacent optical wirings to each other.

Specific examples of the embodiment shown in FIG. 41 include an opticaltransmission structural body in which optical waveguides are connectedto fibers of fiber ribbons (tape fibers) which are cut by a nipper,scissors, or the like, and from which coating layers near cut ends ofthe fiber ribbons are removed, respectively.

In the embodiments shown in FIGS. 12 and 41, all the optical waveguideshave an equal length, an equal shape of an end surface, and the like.However, in embodiments in which the optical transmission structuralbodies according to the first aspect of the first group of the presentinvention are used while being arranged, optical waveguides may differin length, the shape of an end surface, and the like.

In the embodiments shown in FIGS. 12 and 41, the optical wirings arearranged equidistantly. However, in embodiments in which the opticaltransmission structural bodies according to the first aspect of thefirst group of the present invention are used while being arranged,optical wirings are not necessarily arranged equidistantly.

In the array-like optical transmission structural body that employs aplurality of optical transmission structural bodies according to thefirst aspect of the first group of the present invention, the adjacentoptical transmission structural bodies need not necessarily fixed toeach other by the resin layer. The respective optical transmissionstructural bodies may be fixed to substrates in which a plurality ofV-grooves are formed, and may function as the array-like opticaltransmission structural body in this state.

In each of the array-like optical transmission structural bodies shownin FIGS. 12 and 41, the lens is formed on the end surface of the opticalwaveguide at opposite side to the side on which the optical wiring isconnected. However, in the array-like optical transmission structuralbody, the end surface may not be lens-shaped but may be subjected to anend surface processing or an optical component or the like may beconnected to the end surface.

An optical waveguide formation method according to a second aspect ofthe first group of the present invention will be described hereinafter.

The optical waveguide formation method according to the second aspect ofthe first group of the present invention is an optical waveguideformation method which comprising steps of:

immersing a part of an optical wiring in a photosensitive composition;

irradiating light into the above-mentioned photosensitive compositionthrough the above-mentioned optical wiring; and

forming a core part corresponding to an optical path of light in theabove-mentioned photosensitive composition, wherein

a portion of the above-mentioned optical wiring, the portion beingconnected to the core part of the above-mentioned optical waveguide, isnot specially subjected to a planarization processing or has a surfaceroughness Ra based on JIS B 0601 of 0.1 μm or more.

With the optical waveguide formation method according to the secondaspect of the first group of the present invention, even if the portionof the optical waveguide connected to the core part of the opticalwiring for irradiating the photosensitive composition with the light isnot specially subjected to the planarization processing or has thesurface roughness Ra based on JIS B 0601 of 0.1 μm or more, the corepart excellent in connection performance with the optical wiring can beformed.

Accordingly, the portion connected to the core part of the opticalwiring can be formed by cutting the portion using a cutting toolnormally used for cutting an electric wiring or the like, or using anarbitrary cutting method (e.g., snapping the portion by the hand)without the cutting tool even if a highly accurate end surfaceprocessing is not carried out. Thus, the formation method according tothe second aspect of the first group of the present invention cansimplify an optical waveguide formation step. Besides, since theformation step can be simplified, the method is economicallyadvantageous.

As already described with respect to the optical transmission structuralbody according to the first aspect of the first group of the presentinvention, if the surface roughness Ra of the end surface of the opticalwiring is set at less than 0.1 μm, a complicated polishing processing isrequired. If the optical fiber is cut by using the fiber cleaver, thesurface roughness Ra of the end surface of the optical fiber can be setat less than 0.1 μm. However, if a cutting operation using the fibercleaver is carried out, yield is deteriorated and the operation itselfrequires skill to a certain degree.

The optical waveguide formation method according to the second aspect ofthe first group of the present invention, by contrast, does not requirethe above-mentioned complicated polishing processing, and can simplifythe step. The formation method is also economically advantageous.

By using this optical waveguide formation method according to the secondaspect of the first group of the present invention, the opticaltransmission structural body according to the first aspect of the firstgroup of the present invention in which the optical wiring is connectedto the optical waveguide can be preferably manufactured.

In the optical waveguide formation method according to the second aspectof the first group of the present invention, it is desirable that aphotosensitive composition to be used includes a component which iscured when being photosensitized, i.e., contains a photocurable resin.This is because the resin is cured by being irradiated with the lightand stably present without a core part formed being mixed withsurroundings.

The photosensitive composition will refer to the photosensitivecomposition containing the photocurable resin hereinafter unlessspecified otherwise.

The optical waveguide formation method according to the second aspect ofthe first group of the present invention will be described withreference to the drawings.

In the drawings for describing the formation method according to thesecond aspect of the first group of the present invention, the portionof the optical wiring connected to the core part is shown to be plane.However, the drawings typically depict the formation method. As alreadydescribed, the portion of the optical wiring connected to the core partis not specially subjected to the planarization processing or has thesurface roughness Ra based on JIS B 0601 of 0.1 μm or more.

FIGS. 14(a) to 14(d) are schematic diagrams for describing one exampleof the optical waveguide formation method according to the second aspectof the first group of the present invention.

In the optical waveguide formation method according to the second aspectof the first group of the present invention, one end of an opticalwiring is immersed in a photosensitive composition, and light isirradiated to the photosensitive composition through this opticalwiring, thereby forming a core part corresponding to an optical path andproviding an optical waveguide.

Examples of the optical wiring may include the same optical wiring thatconstitutes the optical transmission structural body according to thefirst aspect of the first group of the present invention.

Specifically, a photosensitive composition 1001 is coated so as tosurround a portion of an optical wiring 1002 connected to a core part(see FIG. 14(a)), the photosensitive composition 1001 is put in acontainer, and one end of the optical wiring is immersed in thephotosensitive composition 1001.

Optical refractive indexes of the photosensitive composition before andafter curing are not limited to specific indexes. Desirably, however, alower limit the optical refractive index of the cured photosensitivecomposition (the optical refractive index of the core part) is 90% ofthat of the portion of the optical wiring connected to the core part,and an upper limit thereof is 110% of the portion of the optical wiringconnected to the core part.

By using the photosensitive composition that can form the core parthaving the optical refractive index in such a range, the core partexcellent in connection performance with the optical wiring can beformed even if the portion of the optical wiring connected to the corepart has the surface roughness in the above-mentioned range.

The lower limit of the optical refractive index of the core part is moredesirably 95% of that of the portion of the optical wiring connected tothe core part, most desirably 98%. The upper limit of the opticalrefractive index of the core part is more desirably 105% of that of theportion of the optical wiring connected to the core part, furtherdesirably 102%.

The reason that it is desirable to form the core part having the opticalrefractive index in such a range is as follows. If the optical waveguideconnected to the optical wiring is formed using the formation methodaccording to the second aspect of the second group of the presentinvention, the optical transmission structural body in which the opticalwiring is connected to the optical waveguide is excellent in opticalsignal transmission performance.

A specific return loss in case the core part (optical waveguide) havingthe optical refractive index in the above-mentioned range is formed isalready described with respect to the optical transmission structuralbody according to the first aspect of the first group of the presentinvention.

The optical refractive index of the core of the optical wiring differsdepending on a material. The optical refractive index n_(D) of purequartz glass is about 1.46. Therefore, if the pure quartz glass is usedfor the optical wiring, the optical refractive index n_(D) of the coreof the optical wiring after the photosensitive composition is cured isdesirably in a range of about 1.31 to 1.61. The optical refractive indexn_(D) means an optical refractive index of the core when a light havinga bright line Na of 589 nm is caused to pass.

In addition, the optical refractive index of resin or the like used forthe optical wiring and the optical waveguide changes depending on awavelength. However, a ratio (of the optical refractive index of thecore part of the optical waveguide to that of the core of the opticalwiring) hardly changes in an ultraviolet range to a near-infrared range.

Furthermore, in the formation method according to the second aspect ofthe first group of the present invention, it is desirable that the corepart formed by photosensitizing the photosensitive composition has theoptical refractive index falling within the above-mentioned range, andthat the optical refractive index of the core part beforephotosensitizing the photosensitive composition, i.e., that of thephotosensitive composition itself desirably falls within the followingrange.

A lower limit of the optical refractive index of the photosensitivecomposition itself is desirably 90% of that of the portion of theoptical wiring connected to the core part of the optical waveguide, moredesirably 95%, most desirably 98%. An upper limit of the opticalrefractive index of the photosensitive composition itself is desirably110% of that of the portion of the optical wiring connected to the corepart of the optical waveguide, more desirably 105%, most desirably 102%.

This is because: if the optical refractive index of the core part beforephotosensitizing the photosensitive composition falls within theabove-mentioned range, and if the photosensitive composition isirradiated with light through the optical wiring, then it is ensuredthat this light is irradiated in a desired direction, and the light isnot scattered on an interface between the optical wiring and thephotosensitive composition.

If the core part before and after photosensitization has the opticalrefractive indexes in the above-mentioned ranges, respectively, it ispossible to form an optical waveguide connected to the optical wiring,which is not subjected to a highly accurate end surface processing, withhigher reliability.

Furthermore, there is the other reason that it is desirable that thecore part has the refractive indexes in the above-mentioned ranges inthe formation method according to the second aspect of the first groupof the present invention.

The reason will be described briefly with reference to the drawings.

FIG. 42 is an illustration for describing an optical path of lightirradiated to a photosensitive composition through a facet of an opticalwiring in the optical waveguide formation method according to the secondaspect of the first group of the present invention.

Generally, if the end surface of the optical wiring such as an opticalfiber is not specially subjected to a planarization processing, it isunlikely that a centerline of the end surface (represented by {circlearound (3)} in FIG. 42) is perpendicular to an optical axis.

Normally, it is considered that an angle θ (see FIG. 42) between thecenterline of the end surface of the optical wiring and the optical axisis at least an angle other than 90°. The angle is unavoidably anarbitrary value. In this case, if there is an optical refractive indexdifference between the core of the optical wiring and the core part ofthe optical waveguide, and if the light is irradiated to thephotosensitive composition in the formation method according to thesecond aspect of the second group of the present invention, the opticalpath of the irradiated light is bent in an arbitrary direction. As aresult, the core part of the optical waveguide is formed to be bent atan arbitrary angle corresponding to the optical path.

Generally, if the optical path is considered an optical pathapproximately to the Snell's law, the optical path of the irradiatedlight is bent in a direction indicated by {circle around (1)} in FIG. 42at θ>90° and (the optical refractive index of the core of the opticalwiring)>(the optical refractive index of the core part of the opticalwaveguide). The optical waveguide is bent in a direction indicated by{circle around (2)} in FIG. 42 at θ<90° and (the optical refractiveindex of the core of the optical wiring)<(the optical refractive indexof the core part of the optical waveguide). In FIG. 42, {circle around(4)} represents a normal line of the centerline.

As described above, if a bending angle is irregular, the formationmethod according to the second aspect of the first group of the presentinvention can be applicable to any optical refractive index. However,the core part of the optical waveguide eventually formed is formed in apredetermined arbitrary direction, and characteristic values of finaloptical waveguide components are irregular.

The reason is as follows. The bending angle can take various values withrespect to the arbitrary angle θ between the centerline and the opticalaxis for the optical wiring which is not specially subjected to theplanarization processing. Therefore, the bending angle cannot bespecified to a certain angle.

This disadvantage can be solved by the center line of the end surface ofthe optical wiring which is not specially subjected to the planarizationprocessing so as to set the angle of the center line with respect to theoptical axis at 90° by simple polishing. The “simple polishing” may bepolishing for setting the Ra of the end surface at 0.1 μm or more. Thisis because this polishing can greatly simplify a polishing step ascompared with conventional polishing using fine grinder powders.

To solve the disadvantage, another method for reducing the opticalrefractive index difference between the core of the optical wiring andthe core part of the optical waveguide while using the optical wiringwhich is not specially subjected to the planarization processing can beused. Accordingly, for this reason, it is desirable that the opticalrefractive index falls within the above-mentioned range.

Specifically, on assumption that the angle θ is 45°, a possible bendingangle while the optical refractive index of the core of the opticalwiring is set at 1.48 will be described. If the optical refractive indexof the core part of the optical waveguide is 90 to 110% of that of thecore of the optical wiring, a core part formation direction is bentarbitrarily between 6.8° to −5.0°. If the optical refractive index ofthe core part of the optical waveguide is 95 to 105% of that of the coreof the optical wiring, the core part formation direction is bentarbitrarily between 3.1° to −2.7°. If the optical refractive index ofthe core part of the optical waveguide is 98 to 102% of that of the coreof the optical wiring, the core part formation direction is bentarbitrarily between 1.20 to −1.1°. It is assumed herein that the bendingangle in the direction indicated by {circle around (1)} shown in FIG. 42is a positive value.

As can be understood, if the optical refractive index difference betweenthe core of the optical wiring and the core part of the opticalwaveguide is smaller, then the bending angle is narrower, and theirregularities of the characteristic values of the final opticalwaveguide components are smaller.

The photosensitive composition is not limited to a specificphotosensitive composition as long as a photosensitive composition has abasic characteristic as an optical waveguide, that is, transmissivityrelative to light in a desired wavelength band and has the opticalrefractive index in the above-mentioned range. Specific examples of thephotosensitive composition may include compositions which containacrylic resins, such as PMMA (polymethyl methacrylate), PMMA deuteride,PMMA deuteride fluoride, and PMMA fluoride, and which also containvarious additives, solvents, and the like such as a monomer, a photopolymerization initiator, and an intensifier if it is necessary.

Examples of the photosensitive composition also may include compositionseach containing, as a photosensitized resin component, silicone resinsuch as epoxy resin, epoxy resin fluoride, polyolefin resin, or siliconeresin deuteride, benzocyclobutene, or the like, and also containingvarious additives, solvents, and the like such as a monomer, a photopolymerization initiator, and an intensifier if it is necessary.

Examples of a method for photosensitizing the resin component mayinclude a method for adding an acrylic group or an acryloyl group to aterminal or a side chain of the resin component, and the like.

Further, a material which contains a polyene compound having an acrylicgroup or an acryloyl group added to a terminal or side chain of amolecule, a polythiol compound, and a photo polymerization initiator, aswell as various additives, solvents, and the like such as a monomer, aphoto polymerization initiator, and an intensifier if it is necessary,can be used as the photosensitive composition.

In the present specification, it is assumed that the photosensitivecomposition consisting of an organic composition includes not only apolymer having a chemical reaction when being irradiated with a light asdescribed above but also a monomer a photo polymerization reaction ofwhich progresses when being irradiated with the light, such as methylmethacrylate, and those both/either of two or more resin components andtwo or more monomers that have a chemical reaction when being irradiatedwith the light and that form a resin complex.

It suffices that the photosensitive composition used for the formationmethod according to the second aspect of the first group of the presentinvention is a photosensitive composition a curing reaction of whichprogresses when the composition is irradiated with the light. Forexample, the photosensitive composition may contain epoxy resin, and aphotoinitiator which generates a Lewis acid when being irradiated withthe light such as an aromatic diazonium salt or an aromatic iodoniumsalt. Further, the photosensitive composition may contain aphotoinitiator which generates radicals when being irradiated with thelight such as benzoin alkyl ether, an acetophenone derivative,benzophenone, or a benzophenone derivative, and contain a resincomponent polymerization of which progresses by a radical polymerizationmechanism, or may contain a photoinitiator from which strong acid is letloose when being irradiated with the light such as chlorinatedacetophenone or a chlorinated acetophenone derivative, and contain aresin component polymerization of which progresses by an acid.

In the present specification, therefore, a composition in which even ifthe resin component does not include a photosensitive functional group,the curing reaction progresses when being irradiated with a light, willbe referred to as a photosensitive composition.

Furthermore, the photosensitive composition used for the opticalwaveguide formation method may be a mixture of two or morephotosensitive compositions.

The photosensitive composition may further contain particles such asresin particles, inorganic particles, or metal particles.

By forming the optical waveguide using the photosensitive compositioncontaining such particles, the thermal expansion coefficient of theoptical wiring can be matched to that of the optical waveguide.

Examples of the resin particles include those of thermosetting resin,thermoplastic resin, photosensitive resin, resin obtained byphotosensitizing a part of thermosetting resin, a resin complex ofthermosetting resin and thermoplastic resin, and a complex ofphotosensitive resin and thermoplastic resin.

Specifically, examples of the resin particles may include those ofthermosetting resin such as epoxy resin, phenol resin, polyimide resin,bismaleimide resin, polyphenylene resin, polyolefin resin, andfluororesin; resin obtained by reacting the thermosetting groups (e.g.,the epoxy group of the epoxy resin) of these thermosetting resins with amethacrylic acid or an acrylic acid to thereby acrylate it;thermoplastic resin such as phenoxy resin, polyethersulfone (PES),polysulfone (PSF), polyphenylenesulfone (PPS), polyphenylene sulfide(PPES), polyphenyl ether (PPE), and polyetherimide (PI); andphotosensitive resin such as acrylic resin.

Further, a resin complex of the thermosetting resin and thethermoplastic resin, or a resin complex of the acrylated resin, thephotosensitive resin, and the thermoplastic resin can be used.

As the resin particles, rubber-comprising resin particles can be alsoused.

Examples of the inorganic particles may include those of aluminumcompounds such as alumina and aluminum hydroxide, calcium compounds suchas calcium carbonate and calcium hydroxide, potassium compounds such aspotassium carbonate, magnesium compounds such as magnesia, dolomite,basic magnesium carbonate, and silicon compounds such as silica andzeolite.

As the inorganic particles, those comprising phosphorus or phosphoruscompounds can be also used.

Examples of the metal particles may include those comprising gold,silver, copper, palladium, nickel, platinum, iron, zinc, lead, aluminum,magnesium and calcium.

These resin particles, inorganic particles and metal particles may beused alone or in combination of two or more of them.

The shapes of the particles are not limited to specific shapes and theparticles may be spherical, elliptic, crushed form, polygonal or thelike. Among these shapes, the spherical or elliptic particles aredesirable. Since the spherical or elliptic particles have no edges,cracks and the like is less likely to occur to the optical waveguide.

The particle diameter of each particle is desirably smaller than acommunication wavelength. When the particle diameter is larger than thecommunication wavelength, the transmission of the optical signal ishampered in some cases.

In the present specification, the particle diameter of the particlerefers to a length of a longest part of the particle.

If the photosensitive composition contains particles, a lower limit of ablending ratio of the particles after the photosensitive composition iscured is desirably 10% by weight, more desirably 20% by weight. An upperlimit of the blending ratio the particles after the photosensitivecomposition is cured is desirably less than 80% by weight, moredesirably 70% by weight. If the blending ratio of the particles is lessthan 10% by weight, an advantage of blending the particles cannot begreatly acquired. If it exceeds 80% by weight, transmission of theoptical signal is often hampered.

The photosensitive composition is cured when being irradiated withlight, and provided as the core part having the optical refractive indexwithin the specific range as described above.

Therefore, in the formation method according to the second aspect of thefirst group of the present invention, the photosensitive composition maybe selected and used so that the core part has the optical refractiveindex within the above-mentioned range. However, even if thephotosensitive composition having an optical refractive index out ofthis range is used, the photosensitive composition can be used byadjusting the optical refractive index. If the optical refractive indexof the photosensitive composition is to be adjusted, it is desirable toadjust it so that the optical refractive index of the core part afterthe photosensitive composition is cured falls within the above-mentionedrange.

Generally, if a ratio of a molecular refraction to a molecular volume ishigher, the optical refractive index of a polymer is higher. Therefore,by adjusting the molecular refraction and/or the molecular volume, theoptical refractive index of the polymer can be adjusted.

Specifically, in case the molecular refraction (a sum of atomicrefractions of individual groups that constitute a cyclical unit of thehigh polymer) is adjusted, a group having a high polarizability such aschlorine or sulfur is introduced, then the atomic refraction becomeshigher, and the molecular refraction can be, therefore, increased.

Also, if a double-bond group or an aromatic ring group is introduced tolower symmetry of molecules, the polarizability can be increased.

In adjustment of density, the density can be increased by reducing amolecular weight between bridge points.

Furthermore, since fluorine is large in volume relative to itspolarizability, the density can be also increased by introducing afluorine-containing group.

In addition, one end surface 1003 a of the core of the optical wiring1002 used in the second aspect of the first group of the presentinvention may not be specially subjected to the planarization processingsuch as the polishing processing. In this case, a surface roughness Raof the end surface based on JIS B 0601 is not limited to a specificroughness. Nevertheless, it is unlikely that the surface roughness Ra ofthe end surface is set at less than 0.1 μm without carrying out anyplanarization processing to the end surface. Normally, therefore, thesurface roughness Ra of the end surface is at least 0.1 μm or more.

Further, if the fiber array or the like is manufactured, a cuttingprocessing or the like is necessary. Therefore, according to the secondaspect of the first group of the present invention, the planarizationprocessing such as a simple polishing processing may be often carriedout. In that case, there is no need to carry out an accurate polishingprocessing so as to set the surface roughness Ra of the end surface atless than 0.1 μm. The cutting processing using a fiber cutter or thelike is a kind of the planarization processing for the end surface.Therefore, according to the second aspect of the first group of thepresent invention, the cutting processing is included in theplanarization processing.

According to the second aspect of the first group of the presentinvention, if the end surface of the optical wiring is subjected to theplanarization processing, the polishing processing may be carried out sothat the surface roughness Ra of at least the end surface of the opticalwiring is set at 0.1 μm or more. In addition, the surface roughness Raof the end surface of the optical wiring after the polishing processingmay be 1 μm or more. This is because the polishing processing can becarried out more easily at a lower cost. The portion having such asurface roughness is also excellent in connection performance with thecore part formed substantially in an extension of the portion.

In the optical waveguide formation method according to the second aspectof the first group of the present invention, the portion connected tothe core part of the optical waveguide is not subjected to theplanarization processing or has the surface roughness Ra based on JIS B0601 being 0.1 μm or more. After immersing this portion in thephotosensitive composition, the photosensitive composition is irradiatedwith light through the optical wiring 1002 (see FIG. 14(b)).

By thus irradiating the light through the optical wiring 1002, thephotosensitive composition 1001 starts to be cured from an opticalwiring side correspondingly to the optical path, and a core part 1004 ofthe optical waveguide connected to the optical wiring 1002 is therebyformed (see FIGS. 14(c) and 14(d)).

In this optical waveguide formation method, a fitting plate is arrangedon the optical path in the photosensitive composition 1001 in advancewhen the photosensitive composition 1001 is irradiated with the lightthrough the optical wiring 1002. It is thereby possible to form anoptical waveguide having a smoother end surface at opposite side to theside on which the optical wiring is connected.

In the optical waveguide formation method according to the second aspectof the first group of the present invention, the core part is graduallyformed from the optical waveguide side corresponding to the path of theirradiated light.

It is therefore desirable that the photosensitive composition used inthe formation method according to the second aspect of the first groupof the present invention is a photosensitive composition the opticalrefractive index of which after being cured is higher than the opticalrefractive index of the uncured photosensitive composition. By settingthe optical refractive index of the cured photosensitive compositionhigher than that of the uncured photosensitive composition, the light isintensively irradiated through the optical wiring into thephotosensitive composition from the tip end of the core part while thelight is constrained in the core part. It is therefore possible tofurther ensure forming the optical waveguide corresponding to theoptical path.

Furthermore, in the formation method according to the second aspect ofthe first group of the present invention, the type of the lightirradiated when curing the photosensitive composition is not limited toa specific type of light. The light may be appropriately selected basedon components of the photosensitive composition, and a light containingan ultraviolet ray having a wavelength of 200 to 500 nm or the like canbe used as the light.

As a light source for irradiating the light having such a wavelength, ahigh pressure mercury lamp or the like can be used. Alternatively, ametal halide lamp, a xenon lamp, a laser or the like can be used as thelight source.

In the optical waveguide formation method according to the second aspectof the first group of the present invention, when the light isirradiated through the optical wiring, the light is normally introducedfrom the end of the optical wiring at opposite side to the side on whichthe optical wiring is immersed in the photosensitive composition.However, the light may be often introduced from the side surface of theoptical wiring. This is because the light can be efficiently introducedif the light is introduced from the side surface of the optical wiring,depending on the shape of the optical wiring or the like. As a specificmethod for introducing the light from the side surface of the opticalwiring, the same method as that used in the optical waveguide formationmethod according to the second aspect of the first group of the presentinvention, or the like can be used.

Through these steps, the core part of the optical waveguide connected tothe optical wiring can be formed.

If the optical waveguide formation method shown in FIGS. 14(a) to 14(d)is used, the optical transmission structural body shown in FIG. 1 can bemanufactured. In the formation method according to the second aspect ofthe first group of the present invention, the optical transmissionstructural bodies as shown in FIGS. 2 to 8 can be also used by using thereflection plate, the fitting plate, or the like.

Specific examples of the formation of the optical transmissionstructural bodies shown in FIGS. 2 to 8 will next be described withreference to the drawings.

FIGS. 15 to 19 are schematic diagrams for describing a part of steps ofthe optical waveguide formation method according to the second aspect ofthe first group of the present invention.

If the optical waveguide having the optical conversion mirror formed onthe end surface of the optical waveguide at opposite side to the side onwhich the optical wiring is connected shown in FIG. 2(a) is to be formedas shown in FIG. 15, a fitting plate 1036 is arranged on an optical pathof light when the light is irradiated into a photosensitive composition1031 through an optical wiring 1032 in the optical waveguide formationmethod according to the second aspect of the first group of the presentinvention. In this condition, an end surface 1034 a of the opticalwaveguide at opposite side to a side on which the optical wiring isconnected can be formed along a shape of the fitting plate 1036, so thatthe end surface can be provided as the optical conversion mirror.

In the optical waveguide formation method shown in FIG. 15, the fittingplate is arranged such that an inclination angle of a surface irradiatedwith the light from the fitting plate with respect to the end surface ofthe optical wiring is 45°, thereby forming the optical path conversionmirror at 90°. However, the inclination angle of the surface irradiatedwith the light from the fitting plate with respect to the end surface ofthe optical wiring is not limited to 45° but may be an arbitrary angle.Specifically, by setting the inclination angle of the surface irradiatedwith the light from the fitting plate with respect to the end surface ofthe optical wiring at 8°, the end surface of the optical waveguide atopposite side to the side on which the optical wiring is connected canbe provided as an antireflection processing surface as seen in theoptical transmission structural body shown in FIG. 2(b).

If a fitting plate having a spherical surface is arranged on the opticalpath of irradiated light, a lens can be formed on an end surface of anoptical waveguide at opposite side to a side on which an optical wiringis connected as seen in the optical transmission structural body shownin FIG. 2(c).

Further, a fitting plate having a light-irradiated surface at aninclination angle of 0° (a fitting plate having a light-irradiatedsurface in parallel to the end surface of the optical wiring) may beemployed as the fitting plate. If such a fitting plate is employed, theend surface of the optical waveguide at opposite at opposite side to theside on which the optical wiring is connected can be made smoother inthe optical transmission structural body shown in FIG. 1.

According to the second aspect of the first group of the presentinvention, “the inclination angle of the surface irradiated with thelight from the fitting plate with respect to the end surface of theoptical wiring” means an angle formed between the end surface and thefitting plate if it is assumed that the end surface of the opticalwiring is a surface perpendicular to an optical axis of an emission end(or incidence end) of the optical wiring.

As the fitting plate, a plate which substantially completely transmitsand absorbs or either transmits or absorbs the irradiated light, or thelike can be employed. A material for the fitting plate may beappropriately selected based on a wavelength of the light irradiatedthrough the optical wiring, the optical refractive index of thephotosensitive composition, and the like.

Further, if the optical transmission structural body having the bentportion formed on the core part of the optical waveguide as shown inFIG. 3 is to be manufactured, a mirror 1046 is arranged on an opticalpath of light when the light is irradiated into a photosensitivecomposition 1041 through an optical wiring 1042 in the optical waveguideformation method according to the second aspect of the first group ofthe present invention as shown in FIG. 16. In this condition, theoptical path of the irradiated light is bent, so that a core part 1044of the optical waveguide that includes a bent portion 1044 a can beformed.

In the formation method shown in FIG. 16, the mirror is arranged suchthat an angle of the formed bent portion is 90°. However, the angle ofthe formed bent portion is not limited to 90°, but the mirror may bearranged such that the bent portion at a desired angle can be formed.

Furthermore, the number of bent portions formed in the formation methodaccording to the second aspect of the first group of the presentinvention is not limited to one but may be two or more. Accordingly, inthe formation method according to the second aspect of the first groupof the present invention, the mirror may be arranged on the optical pathof the irradiated light in accordance with the number of bent portionsto be formed.

A material for the mirror (a material for a reflection surface) is notlimited to a specific material as long as a material has a highreflectance with respect to the light irradiated through the opticalwiring. The material may be appropriately selected based on thewavelength of the irradiated light and the like. Specifically, examplesof the material may include aluminum and silicon.

In addition, the reflection surface of the mirror needs to be subjectedto a planarization processing to a certain degree so as to change theangle of the optical path to a predetermined degree. Alternatively, asurface roughness Ra of the reflection surface based on JIS B 0601 maybe 0.1 μm or more.

Further, if the optical transmission structural body having the mirrorfor optical branching formed on the end surface of the optical waveguideat opposite side to the side on which the optical wiring is connected asshown in FIG. 4(a) is to be formed, a fitting plate 1056 having twosurfaces at 90° with respect to each other is arranged on an opticalpath of light when the light is irradiated into a photosensitivecomposition 1051 through an optical wiring 1052 as shown in FIG. 17. Inthis condition, the end surface of a core part 1054 to be formed atopposite side to the side on which the optical wiring is connected canbe formed along a shape of the fitting plate 1056. The end surface canbe, thus, provided as the mirror for optical branching having reflectionsurfaces 1054 a and 1054 b.

The shape of the fitting plate when the optical waveguide including themirror for optical branching is formed is not limited to the shape shownin FIG. 17, but may be appropriately selected in accordance with theshape of the mirror for optical branching to be formed.

If the optical waveguide having a plurality of end surfaces formed atdifferent positions, respectively, at opposite side to the side on whichthe optical wiring is connected as shown in FIG. 5(a) is to be formed, afitting plate 1066 is arranged only on a part of an optical path of alight when the light is irradiated into a photosensitive composition1061 through an optical wiring 1062 as shown in FIG. 18(a).

By thus arranging the fitting plate 1066 on a part of the optical path,an optical path conversion mirror 1064 a having a shape along thefitting plate 1066 can be formed on a part of a core part 1064 to beformed. The shape of the fitting plate employed in this method is notlimited to a specific shape, but the fitting plate may be thick as shownin FIG. 18(a) or thin.

If the optical waveguide shown in FIG. 5(b) is to be formed, a mirror1076 is arranged only at the part of an optical path of a light when thelight is irradiated into a photosensitive composition 1071 through anoptical wiring 1072 as shown in FIG. 18(b). By arranging the mirror atsuch a position, a part of the irradiated light is reflected by thismirror 1076, so that a core part 1074 as shown in FIG. 5(b) can beformed.

Further, if the optical waveguide is constituted so that the opticalsignal can be transmitted between the optical waveguide and the opticalwiring, and so that the optical waveguide is not directly connected tothe core part of the optical wiring as shown in FIG. 7 is to be formed,a mirror 1086 is attached to an end of an optical wiring 1082 immersedin a photosensitive composition 1081 in advance as shown in FIG. 19(a).By irradiating the light through the optical wiring 1082 while themirror is attached in this state, a core part 1084 which enables anoptical signal to be transmitted between the optical waveguide and theoptical wiring and which is connected to a cladding part 1085 of theoptical wiring 1082 can be formed.

Furthermore, if the mirror 1086 is attached to the end of the opticalwiring, an end surface of the optical wiring on a side on which themirror is attached to the optical wiring is not subjected to aplanarization processing or has a surface roughness within theabove-mentioned range. Due to this, the end surface is not formed to beclosely attached to the mirror, and gaps (indicated by A₁ and A₂ in FIG.19(b)) are normally, sometimes present between the end surface of theoptical wiring and the mirror, as shown in FIG. 19(b).

In this case, in the formation method according to the second aspect ofthe first group of the present invention, when the optical wiring inthis state is immersed in the photosensitive composition and the lightis irradiated into the photosensitive composition through the opticalwiring, resin layers 1087 a and 1087 b (functioning as a core part ofthe optical waveguide) made of the same material as that for a core part1084 of the optical waveguide are formed in the respective gaps betweenthe end surface of the optical wiring and the mirror 1086. As a result,the optical waveguide formed can preferably transmit an optical signalto the optical wiring.

FIG. 19(b) is a partial enlarged view of FIG. 19(a). In FIG. 19(b), thephotosensitive composition is not shown.

As described with reference to FIGS. 16, 18(b) and 19, in the formationmethod according to the second aspect of the first group of the presentinvention, the mirror employed when the optical waveguide is formedmaybe kept attached to the optical waveguide after the optical waveguideis formed. Besides, after the optical waveguide is formed, the mirrormay be detached and a portion of the optical waveguide in contact withthe mirror may be exposed to the air or the like. Since the opticalwaveguide and the air greatly differ in optical refractive index, theair acts as a mirror per se. Further, after detaching the mirror,another metal film, multilayer film, or the like more excellent inreflected light efficiency with respect to the communication wavelengthmay be attached to the optical waveguide by a method such as sputteringor deposition.

If the mirror is detached as described above, a reflection surface(e.g., a coating layer) of the mirror employed when forming the opticalwaveguide is desirably plane. If the mirror is not detached, thereflection surface of the mirror is not necessarily subjected to theplanarization processing.

In the optical waveguide formation method according to the second aspectof the first group of the present invention, the optical waveguidecomprising the cured core part and the uncured cladding part can beformed corresponding to the optical path by using the above-mentionedmethod.

However, the uncured cladding part is normally a liquid. In this state,the core part tends to be fluidized and the optical waveguide is quiteunstable.

It is therefore desirable to form a solid cladding part by curing theuncured cladding part after forming the core part. To do so, after thecore part is formed, the uncured cladding part is irradiated with alight, thereby solidifying an entire system. However, if a membercontaining only one type of the photosensitive component is used as thephotosensitive component, the core part and the cladding part aresubstantially equal in optical refractive index after the cladding partis cured. As a result, the light cannot be constrained in the core part,and the core part cannot function as the optical waveguide.

It is therefore desirable that the solidified cladding part is formed bythe following method, thereby providing a stable optical waveguidehaving the entire system solidified.

The method including forming the core part, removing the photosensitivecomposition around the core part, and then carrying out a curingprocessing to form the cladding part can be used. Nevertheless, asdescribed above, if only the core part is cured, the core part is oftenquite unstable. To remove the uncured photosensitive composition in thisstate, it is necessary to handle the photosensitive composition verycarefully.

Accordingly, the cladding part is desirably formed by the followingmethod.

Resin or a resin composition (hereinafter, also referred to as “claddingformation resin”) other than a photosensitive composition for formingthe core part (hereinafter, also referred to as “core formation resin”)is mixed together in the photosensitive composition. As the claddingformation resin, a photosensitive composition which is not polymerizeduntil a light higher in intensity than the light for the core formationresin, and optical refractive indexes of which before and after curingare both lower than that of the core part is selected. As long as thecomposition has the above-mentioned properties, one of theabove-mentioned photosensitive compositions can be appropriatelyselected as the cladding formation resin and used.

As already described, the light is irradiated through the opticalwiring. At this time, the light having an intensity with which the lightcan polymerize the core formation resin but the light substantiallycannot polymerize the cladding formation resin is irradiated. In thiscondition, in the photosensitive composition, only the core formationresin higher in photosensitivity selectively starts to be polymerized.If only the core formation resin starts to be polymerized in thephotosensitive composition including the core formation resin and thecladding formation resin, the photosensitive composition starts to beremoved from the core formation resin to be cured. This is because theuncured cladding formation resin keeps fluidity. In addition, since thecore part is higher in optical refractive index than the uncuredcladding formation resin, the light irradiated through the opticalwiring is intensively irradiated on the tip end while being constrainedin the core part which is formed. As a result, by the light irradiatedfrom one end of the optical wiring, the core formation resin ispreferentially cured corresponding to the optical path, the core partcorresponding to the optical path is formed, and the uncuredphotosensitive composition surrounds the core part.

Thereafter, the light from the light source is set so as to be able toirradiate the entire uncured photosensitive composition. A power of thelight source is increased, and the light having an intensity with whichthe cladding formation resin can be polymerized is irradiated. Thus, thecladding formation resin and the uncured core formation resin are cured,thereby making it possible to form the cladding part that surrounds thecore part.

As can be seen, if two types of photosensitive compositions different inlight intensity for triggering a polymerization reaction are mixedtogether in advance, and the optical waveguide is formed using themixture photosensitive compositions, resins polymerization reactions ofwhich are triggered through different polymerization reaction mechanismscan be selected as the core formation resin and the cladding formationresin, respectively.

Namely, a radical-polymerized photosensitive composition, represented byacrylic resin, polymerization of which is triggered by a sequentialpolymerization reaction by radicals, and a cation-polymerizedphotosensitive composition, represented by epoxy resin, polymerizationof which is triggered through ion pairs can be selected. If thesephotosensitive compositions are selected, the polymerization reaction ofthe radical polymerized photosensitive composition progresses fasterthan that of the cation polymerized photosensitive composition.Therefore, if weak light is irradiated, only the acrylic resin isselectively polymerized.

Alternatively, by irradiating the weak light, progress states of thepolymerization of the two types of photosensitive compositions may bemade more different so as to be able to ensure polymerizing one of thephotosensitive compositions.

This can be done by increasing a polymerization reaction speed of theradical-polymerized photosensitive composition. Specifically, theacrylic resin will be taken as an example. By increasing the number ofacrylic groups contained per unit weight of the acrylic resin (that is,an acrylic equivalent weight) or increasing a density of a monomer, adensity of reaction groups relating to polymerization is increased,thereby enabling increasing a polymerization reaction speed.Alternatively, by increasing a quantum yield (a quantity of generatedradicals per phonon quantity) or a density of a photo polymerizationinitiator, the polymerization reaction speed can be increased.

Further, by decreasing the polymerization reaction speed of thecation-polymerized photosensitive composition, the progresses of thepolymerization of the two types of photosensitive compositions can bemade different. Specifically, the epoxy resin will be taken as anexample. By decreasing the number of epoxy groups contained per unitweight of the epoxy resin (that is, an epoxy equivalent weight) ordecreasing a density of a monomer, the density of reaction groupsrelating to polymerization is decreased, thereby enabling decreasing thepolymerization reaction speed. Further, by decreasing the quantum yield(a quantity of generated cations per phonon quantity) or the density ofthe photo polymerization initiator, the polymerization reaction speedcan be decreased.

Furthermore, even if two photosensitive compositions polymerizationreactions of which progress through the same mechanism are mixedtogether, only one of the photosensitive compositions can be selectivelypolymerized. In this case, since their reactions progress through thesame mechanism, it is difficult to selectively polymerize one of thephotosensitive compositions even by mixing two resins different in thephoto polymerization initiator or the intensifier used therefor.However, by making densities of reaction groups of matrix oligomermolecules different, only one of the photosensitive compositions can beselectively polymerized. If the radical-polymerized acrylic resins areused, one of them containing more reaction groups reactive to a certainirradiated light (i.e., having a less acrylic equivalent weight) isselectively polymerized.

If the optical waveguide is formed using the core formation resin andthe cladding formation resin, the polymerization reactions of the bothresins can be triggered using one light source. An equipment cost andthe number of steps can be therefore reduced.

In selection of the core formation resin and the cladding formationresin, even if curing wavelengths of the both resins are not completelyequal, the polymerization reactions of the resins can be triggered usingone light source by adding the intensifier or the like. The reason is asfollows. Even if the photosensitive compositions do not absorb theirradiated light in wavelength regions of the compositions or absorbonly a small quantity of the light, the polymerization reactions canprogress by adding an appropriate intensifier which can absorb the lightin the wavelength range and using an energy absorbed by the initiator.In other words, if the intensifier is added, the photosensitivecomposition can largely absorb the irradiated light in the wavelengthsof the light, and eventually increase a sensitivity. Generally, anabsorption wavelength range thus widened is expanded to a longer-waveside than an original absorption wavelength region of a radicalgenerator, and photons generated by the light source can be usedefficiently. The sensitivity is thereby improved.

Alternatively, resin which is not polymerized until a heat treatment iscarried out may be selected in place of the photosensitive compositionhaving the above-mentioned properties as the cladding formation resin.The cladding part may be formed by a method for thermally curing anuncured resin in place of the method for forming the core part and thenirradiating the light having the high intensity with the entire uncuredphotosensitive resin, thereby providing the optical waveguide.

Further, resin which is not polymerized until the resin is irradiatedwith light having a wavelength different from that of light for the coreformation resin, and the optical refractive index of which after curingis lower than the optical refractive index of the core formation resinafter curing may be selected as the cladding formation resin. Thecladding part may be formed by a method for irradiating the light at awavelength at which the cladding formation resin is polymerized to theentire uncured photosensitive resin, thereby providing the opticalwaveguide.

By using one of these formation methods, the optical waveguide excellentin connection performance with the optical wiring, and excellent instability after the entire system is solidified, can be formed.

If the photosensitive compositions comprising two or more types ofphotosensitive compositions (e.g., the core formation resin and thecladding formation resin) are used, a blending ratio of thephotosensitive compositions is not limited to a specific ratio.

Moreover, the method according to the second aspect of the first groupof the present invention can be also used as a method for forming anoptical waveguide that optically connects two optical wirings to eachother.

FIGS. 20(a) to 20(d) are schematic diagrams for describing anotherembodiment of the optical waveguide formation method according to thesecond aspect of the first group of the present invention. The opticalformation method will be described, while referring to an example inwhich an optical fiber is employed as the optical wiring.

Specifically, optical fibers 1012 and 1012′ that form a pair to beoptically connected are first arranged face to face with each other, anda photosensitive composition is, for example, coated so as to surroundan area between the faced ends of the optical fibers 1012 and 1012′. Bydoing so, both the ends of the optical fibers 1012 and 1012′ areimmersed in a photosensitive composition 1011 (see FIG. 20(a)).

Next, light for curing the photosensitive composition 1011 is irradiatedfrom one optical fiber 1012 to the optical fiber 1012′ that faces theoptical fiber 1012 (see FIG. 20(b)).

By thus irradiating the light from one optical fiber 1012 to the otheroptical fiber 1012′, the photosensitive composition 1011 is graduallycured from an optical fiber 1012 side correspondingly to an optical pathof the light, thereby forming a core part of an optical waveguide thatconnects the optical fiber 1012 to the optical fiber 1012′ (see FIGS.20(c) and 20(d)).

Thereafter, a cladding part is formed by the same method as one of thosedescribed above if it is necessary, whereby the optical waveguide thatoptically connects the two optical fibers to each other can be formed.

In the method for forming the optical waveguide that connects the twooptical fibers to each other, the light is irradiated only through oneoptical fiber. Alternatively, lights may be irradiated from the twooptical fibers, respectively, to the counterpart optical fibers. If so,the lights may be irradiated simultaneously through two optical fibersor alternately irradiated from the optical fibers.

Furthermore, if the lights are irradiated simultaneously from the twooptical fibers to the counterpart optical fibers, the core part thatconnects the two optical fibers to each other can be formed even ifoptical axes of the two optical fibers are from each other.

FIGS. 21(a) to 21(c ) are schematic diagrams for describing anotherexample of the optical waveguide formation method according to thesecond aspect of the first group of the present invention.

First, one ends of two optical fibers 1022 and 1022′ which are opticallyconnected to each other are immersed in the photosensitive composition1021 and, also, the optical fibers are arranged such that the endsthereof substantially face each other. Herein, the optical axes of thetwo optical fibers are deviated from each other (see FIG. 21(a)).

Lights for curing a photosensitive composition 1021 are irradiated fromthe two optical fibers 1022 and 1022′ to the counterpart optical fibers1022′ and 1022, respectively (see FIG. 21(b)). In this case, anintensity of the light is higher in a portion Z in which emission lightsX and Y emitted from the optical fibers 1022 and 1022′ are superposed oneach other. Therefore, if the intensity of the light in the superposedportion Z is set so that only the core formation resin can bepolymerized, a core part 1024 can be formed in the portion Z in whichthe emission lights are superposed on each other (see FIG. 21(c)).

With this method, even if the optical axes of the paired optical fibers1022 and 1022′ are deviated from each other, then the core part 1024 isformed on an optical path of the light that connects ends of the opticalfibers 1022 and 1022′ to each other, and the two optical fibers 1022 and1022′ can be optically connected with a high probability.

In addition, as described with reference to FIG. 20, if the opticalwaveguide that connects the two optical fibers to each other is to beformed by arranging the two optical fibers face to face with each other,and by irradiating the light from one of the optical fibers or thelights from the both optical fibers, coating layers may be formed oncircumference of the ends of the two optical fibers immersed in therespective photosensitive compositions. By forming the optical waveguideusing the optical fibers thus coated with the coating layers,respectively, the optical transmission structural body shown in FIG. 10can be manufactured.

If the optical waveguide is to be formed using the optical fibers coatedwith these coating layers, it is desirable that an end surface of eachcoating layer flush with the core part of the optical fiber is notspecially subjected to a planarization processing or has the surfaceroughness Ra based on JIS B 0601 of 0.1 μm or more. This is because theend surfaces of the coating layers having the above-mentioned shape canbe formed only using a cutting tool used to cut an electric wiring andthe like. The cutting of the optical wirings may be carried out by usingthe other arbitrary cutting method without particularly using thecutting tool.

Further, if the cladding part is to be formed around the core part afterforming the core part that connects the two optical wirings, thecladding part may be formed while pulling both ends of the core part orwhile keeping a state of pulling the both ends of the core part.

By thus pulling the both ends of the core part, the shape of the corepart can be stabilized. Therefore, by forming the cladding part aroundthis core part, the optical waveguide comprising the core part of thestabilized shape and the stable cladding part can be formed.

Further, the method for forming the cladding part while pulling the corepart as described above can be used as the following method for formingthe stable cladding part. After the core part using the photosensitivecomposition only comprising the core formation resin, the uncuredphotosensitive composition is removed. Next, after immersing the corepart in another photosensitive composition, the stable cladding part isformed by subjecting this photosensitive composition to a curingprocessing.

The method for forming the stabilized-shape core part and the stablecladding part by pulling the both ends of the core part as describedabove can be used when forming not only for forming the opticalwaveguide that connects the optical wirings to each other but for themethod, in which irradiation of a light from the optical wirings towardthe mirror, the fitting plate, the optical component, and the like isconducted, thereby forming the core part, and the stable cladding partaround the core part. In this case, by pulling the optical wirings aswell as the mirror, the fitting plate, the optical component and thelike, the both ends of the core part may be pulled.

In addition, to pull the both ends of the core part is advantageous inthat even if a cured cladding part is not formed, the core part can bestabilized.

Moreover, by using the formation method according to the second aspectof the first group of the present invention, an optical signaltransmission optical path on which the optical wiring and the opticalcomponent are connected to each other through the optical waveguide (seeFIG. 9(b)) can be formed.

Specifically, as shown in FIG. 22, when a light is irradiated into aphotosensitive composition 1091 through an optical wiring 1092, anoptical component 1096 is arranged on an optical path of the irradiatedlight in advance. In this state, by irradiating the light through theoptical wiring 1092, a core part 1094 of the optical wiring thatconnects the optical wiring 1092 to the optical component 1096 can beformed. It is noted that a surface protection layer 1096 a is formed ona surface of the optical component 1096 connected to the core part.

After thus forming the core part, a cladding part is formed around thecore part by one of the above-mentioned methods, thereby providing theoptical transmission structural body shown in FIG. 9(b).

Furthermore, by forming the optical waveguide connected to one end ofthe optical wiring using the formation method according to the secondaspect of the first group of the present invention, the array-likeoptical transmission structural body can be manufactured.

Specifically, a plurality of optical wirings 1090 a to 1090 d (fouroptical wirings in FIG. 23) are arranged equidistantly. In this state,one end of each of the optical wirings thus arranged is immersed in aphotosensitive composition 1091. In this state, light is irradiatedthrough all the optical wirings. A fitting plate 1096 for forming a lenson the end surface of the optical waveguide is formed on the opticalpath of the irradiated light. By forming the solidified cladding partaround the core part by one of the above-mentioned methods, anarray-like optical transmission structural body can be formed (see FIG.23). In FIG. 23, reference symbol 1093 represents a core of each opticalwiring, and 1094 represents the core part of the optical wiring.

In the array-like optical transmission structural body manufactured bysuch a method, a resin layer made of the same material as that for thecladding part is formed between the adjacent optical wirings.

In the formation of the array-like optical transmission structural body,if a plurality of optical wirings are arranged equidistantly, and if therespective optical wirings are fixed into grooves of a substrate onwhich a plurality of grooves are formed equidistantly, the array-likeoptical transmission structural body can be provided without fixing anarea between the adjacent optical wirings with a resin layer.

An optical waveguide according to the first aspect of the second groupof the prevent invention will be described.

The optical waveguide according to the first aspect of the second groupof the present invention is an optical waveguide comprising a core partand a cladding part, each of both ends thereof being connected tooptical wirings or optical components, respectively,

wherein

both ends of at least said core part are pulled.

In the optical waveguide according to the first aspect of the secondgroup of the present invention, since the both ends of the core part arepulled, a shape of the core part is stabilized, and an optical loss inthe optical waveguide can be reduced.

Further, a force for pressing the core part and each optical wiring oroptical component against each other is not applied, damage, deformationor the like does not occur to an end surface of the optical waveguideand those of the optical wirings and the like connected to the both endsof the optical wiring, respectively. Therefore, a connection lossresulting from diffuse reflection of a transmitted light, radiation ofthe light to an outside, and the like is less likely to occur.

Therefore, the optical waveguide according to the first aspect of thesecond group of the present invention can realize low connection lossbetween the different optical wirings and the like.

“The both ends are pulled” means herein a state in which a tensilestress is generated in at least the core part by pulling the both endsof at least the core part in a direction substantially equal to or adirection opposite to a progress direction of the transmitted light onthe optical waveguide (which direction will be generically referred toas “direction substantially parallel to the progress direction of thetransmitted light” hereinafter). This tensile stress is a forcegenerated at least on the core part due to the fact that the opticalwirings and the like connected to the both ends are pulled.

Accordingly, a state in which the core part is pulled in the directionsubstantially parallel to the progress direction of the transmittedlight by a gravity and the like also corresponds to “the both ends arepulled” in the present invention. On the other hand, a state in whichthe both ends of the core part are pulled in a direction other than thedirection substantially parallel to the progress direction of thetransmitted light, e.g., a direction substantially perpendicular to theprogress direction of the transmitted light, does not correspond to “theboth ends are pulled” according to the present invention.

It is also assumed herein that examples of the optical waveguideaccording to the first aspect of the second group of the presentinvention includes an optical waveguide in which one end of at least thecore part is fixed and in which only the other end of the core part ispulled. Even if only the other end is pulled, the tensile stress appliedto the core part is similar in state to that applied to the core partthe both ends of which are pulled, so that the low connection lossbetween the different optical wirings and the like can be realized.

Examples of the optical component include optical elements such as lightreceiving elements, e.g., a PD (photodiode) and an APD (avalanchephotodiode), and light emitting elements, e.g., an LD (a semiconductorlaser), a DFB-LD (distributed feedback-type semiconductor laser), and anLED (light emitting diode), and optical parts such as a lens, a mirror,a prism, and a filter.

Examples of the optical wiring include that similar to the opticalwiring that constitutes the optical wiring connection body according tothe first aspect of the first group of the present invention. An end ofeach optical wiring used according to the second group of the presentinvention may be either subjected to a planarization processing or notspecially subjected to the planarization processing.

The configuration of the optical waveguide according to the first aspectof the second group of the present invention will next be described.

A length of the optical waveguide according to the first aspect of thesecond group of the present invention is not limited to a specificlength. However, the length is desirably set in light of a material forthe optical waveguide and the like. Specifically, the length of theoptical waveguide is normally about 50 to 5000 μm, desirably about 100to 3000 μm.

If the length falls within the above-mentioned range, it is possible tosufficiently acquire the advantage of the first aspect of the secondgroup of the present invention in that the shape of the core part isstabilized by pulling the both ends of the core part.

If the length of the optical waveguide is less than 50 μm, then theoptical waveguide is too short, and it is almost unlikely that the shapeof the optical waveguide is made unstable. Therefore, the advantage ofthe first aspect of the second group of the present invention, that is,the shape of the core part is stabilized by pulling the both ends of thecore part may not possibly be able to be sufficiently acquired. If thelength exceeds 5000 μm, then the optical waveguide is too long. Even ifthe both ends of the core part are pulled, it is difficult to stabilizethe shape of the core part. Therefore, the advantage of the first aspectof the second group of the present invention, that is, the shape of thecore part is stabilized by pulling the both ends of the core part maynot possibly be able to be sufficiently acquired.

In the optical waveguide according to the first aspect of the secondgroup of the present invention, a cross-sectional shape of the core partis not limited to a specific shape but examples of the cross-sectionalshape include a generally complete round. The cross-sectional shapemeans herein a shape of a cut surface of the core part perpendicular tothe progress direction of the transmitted light.

In the optical waveguide according to the first aspect of the secondgroup of the present invention, a size of a cross section of the corepart is not limited to a specific size. However, if the both end of theoptical waveguide are connected to the respective optical wirings, thesize of the cross section of the core part on each end is desirably,substantially equal o that of a cross section of the core of eachoptical wiring. This is because it is possible to further ensurerealizing the low connection loss.

In addition, if the both ends of the optical waveguide are connected tothe respective optical components such as optical elements or opticalparts, and the connected optical components are light emitting elements,it is desirable that the size of the cross section of the core part oneach end is substantially equal to or larger than that of a lightemitting surface (light emitting portion) of each light emittingelement. This is because it is possible to further ensure realizing thelow connection loss.

If the connected optical components are light receiving elements, it isdesirable that the size of the cross section of the core part on eachend is substantially equal to or smaller than that of a light receivingsurface (light receiving portion) of each light receiving element. Thisis because it is possible to further ensure realizing the low connectionloss.

It is noted that the magnitude of the cross section of the core part isnot always fixed. Accordingly, the shape of the core part is not limitedto a specific shape but may be partially thicker or gradually thickerfrom one end to the other end.

It is desirable, however, that the shape of the core part according tothe first aspect of the second group of the present invention is suchthat a progress direction of a transmitted light incident from theoptical wiring or optical component connected to one end of the corepart, a progress direction of the transmitted light on the opticalwaveguide, and a progress direction of a transmitted light emitted tothe optical wiring or optical component connected to the other end areequal. Specifically, if the optical waveguide connects optical wiringseach having a cylindrical core to each other, the shape of the core partof the optical waveguide is desirably cylindrical. This is because theoptical loss in the optical waveguide can be reduced.

A material and the like for the optical waveguide according to the firstaspect of the second group of the present invention will be described.

The material for the optical waveguide according to the first aspect ofthe second group of the present invention is not limited to a specificmaterial. However, an organic material is desirable, and it isparticularly desirable that the core part consists of an organicmaterial. If the core part consists of an organic material, the bothends of the core part are pulled, thereby facilitating stabilizing theshape of the core part and making it possible to sufficiently acquirethe advantage of the first aspect of the second group of the presentinvention.

Specific examples of the organic material include resin compositionswhich have a photosensitivity, each of which contains a resin componentsuch as PMMA (polymethyl methacrylate) PMMA deuteride, PMMA deuteridefluoride, or PMMA fluoride, and in each of which a monomer, a photopolymerization initiator, an intensifier, a solvent, and the like isblended with the resin component if it is necessary; and resincompositions in each of which various additives are blended with a resincomponent such as epoxy resin. Examples of the photosensitivecomposition also include compositions each of which contains, as aphotosensitized resin component, epoxy resin, epoxy resin fluoride,polyolefin resin, silicone resin such as silicone resin deuteride, resinconsisting of benzocyclobutene, and the like, and each of which alsocontains various additives, solvents, and the like such as a monomer, aphoto polymerization initiator, and an intensifier if it is necessary.

In the present specification, the resin compositions particularly havingthe photosensitivity among the resin compositions will be referred to asphotosensitive compositions.

As the resin composition, the photosensitive composition is desirable.It is particularly desirable that the core part consists of thephotosensitive composition. The use of such a photosensitive compositionis suitable for forming the optical waveguide according to the firstaspect of the second group of the present invention, particularlysuitable for forming the core part. Accordingly, as the organicmaterial, the same compositions as the photosensitive compositions usedaccording to the second aspect of the first group of the presentinvention are available.

The core part may further contain particles. The optical waveguidecontaining such particles enables matching the thermal expansioncoefficient of the optical waveguide to that of each optical componentwhen the optical waveguide is directly attached to the optical componentor the optical wiring.

Specific examples of the particles may include the same as thosecontained in the photosensitive compositions used in the opticalwaveguide formation method according to the second aspect of the firstgroup of the present invention.

Further, the shape and diameter of each particle are the same as thoseof the particle contained in the photosensitive compositions used in theoptical waveguide formation method according to the second aspect of thefirst group of the present invention.

If the core part contains particles, a blending ratio of the particlesafter curing is desirably 10 to 80% by weight, more desirably 20 to 70%by weight. If the blending ratio of the particles is less than 10% byweight, an advantage of blending the particles cannot be greatlyacquired. If it exceeds 80% by weight, transmission of the opticalsignal is often hampered.

In the optical waveguide according to the first aspect of the secondgroup of the present invention, the cladding part is not limited to aspecific one if it functions as means for constraining a light guidedinto the core part by the core part.

The cladding part may consist of a resin composition. If a gas such asthe air is present around the core part, the gas functions as thecladding part.

It is however desirable that the cladding part consists of the resincomposition in the optical waveguide according to the first aspect ofthe second group of the present invention.

As described above, even if the air is present around the core part, thecore part made of one of the above-mentioned materials has normallyhigher optical refractive index than that of the air. The core part cantherefore function as the optical waveguide. Nevertheless, by formingthe cladding part around the core part, it is possible to further ensuretransmitting the optical signal.

According to the second group of the present invention, the resincomposition is a composition in which various additives are blended withthe resin component if it is necessary. Needless to say, thephotosensitive composition is assumed to be one resin composition.

Further, if the material for the core part is the photosensitivecomposition, and the refractive index of the photosensitive compositionafter being cured is higher than that of the photosensitive compositionbefore being cured, then a part of the photosensitive composition iscured to form the core part, and the uncured photosensitive compositionremaining around the core part can function as the cladding part. Inthis case, however, the core part has fluidity, which is undesirable forreliability of the optical waveguide. It is therefore desirable that thecladding part is cured and thereby stabilized.

A material for the cladding part is not limited to a specific materialas long as an optical refractive index of the material is lower thanthat of the core part. Specific examples of the material for thecladding part include the same as those for the core part.

In addition, a shape of the cladding part is not limited to a specificshape. Examples of an outside shape of the cladding part include acylindrical shape and a prismatic shape.

The cladding part may contain the above-mentioned particles similarly tothe core part.

In the optical waveguide according to the first aspect of the secondgroup of the present invention, a magnitude of a force for pulling bothends of at least the core part is desirably set in a range in which theoptical waveguide is not broken, or the optical waveguide and theoptical wirings and the like connected to the both ends of the opticalwaveguide are not disconnected from one another, according to thethickness, length, material or the like of the optical waveguide. Inaddition, the magnitude of the force for pulling the both ends of atleast the core part is not necessarily always constant.

The optical waveguide according to the first aspect of the second groupof the present invention comprises means for maintaining a state whereat least both ends of the core part are pulled. Desirably, the means isintegrally formed with the optical waveguide. It is therefore possibleto easily move the optical waveguide in the state where the both ends ofthe core part are pulled.

The optical waveguide according to the first aspect of the second groupof the present invention may not always include the above-mentionedmeans. If the optical wirings and the like connected to the opticalwaveguide are disposed in a device such as an optical high precisionslide base (e.g., an X stage) and the like and pulled by the device tothereby pull the both ends of the core part, then the optical waveguideserves as the optical waveguide according to the first aspect of thesecond group of the present invention although the optical waveguidedoes not include the above-mentioned means. This is because the bothends of the core part are pulled. In this case, the optical wirings maybe placed on the optical high precision slide base either directly orthrough a member for fixing the optical wirings such as an optical fiberfixing base.

The optical waveguide according to the first aspect of the second groupof the present invention will next be described with reference to thedrawings.

FIGS. 26(a) to 26(c) are cross-sectional views schematically showingembodiments of the optical waveguide according to the first aspect ofthe second group of the present invention, respectively.

In FIGS. 26, an outlined arrow indicates a direction in which a tensileforce is applied.

An optical waveguide 4100 shown in FIG. 26(a) is comprising a core part4104 and an air cladding part (not shown). One end of the opticalwaveguide 4100 is connected to a core 4103 of an optical wiring 4102,and the other end thereof is connected to a core 4113 of an opticalwiring 4112. The optical wirings 4102 and 4112 are placed on differentdevices such as optical high precision slide bases (not shown), andpulled by the corresponding devices, respectively. Since the opticalwirings 4102 and 4112 are pulled by the corresponding devices in arrowdirections, respectively, so that both ends of the core part 4104 of theoptical waveguide 4100 are pulled.

An optical waveguide 4110 shown in FIG. 26(b) is an optical waveguide inwhich a cladding part 4105 comprising the resin composition is formedaround the core part 4104 of the optical waveguide 4100 shown in FIG.26(a).

In the optical wirings 4102 and 4112, a force for pulling by the devicessuch as the optical high precision slide bases, respectively, isremoved. However, the core part 4104 of the optical waveguide 4110 iskept in a state in which the both ends of the core part 4104 are pulled.Accordingly, the cladding part 4105 functions as means for keeping thestate in which the both ends of the core part 4104 as well.

An optical waveguide 4120 shown in FIG. 26(c) is an optical waveguide inwhich a coating layer 4106 which integrally coats the optical wirings4102 and 4112 connected to both ends of the optical waveguide 4100 shownin FIG. 26(a), respectively, is formed.

In the optical wirings 4102 and 4112, a force for pulling by the devicessuch as the optical high precision slide bases, respectively, isremoved. However, the core part 4104 of the optical waveguide 4120 iskept in a state in which the both ends of the core part 4104 are pulled.Accordingly, the coating layer 4106 functions as means for keeping thestate of pulling the both ends of the core part 4104 as well.

By allowing the force for pulling the both ends of the core part to beadjustable, the optical waveguide according to the first aspect of thesecond group of the present invention can function as an On/Off switch.Namely, by intensifying the force for pulling the both ends of the corepart to stabilize the shape of the core part, and by reducing an opticalloss of a transmitted light, the transmitted light can be caused topass, and the switch is turned “On”. In addition, by weakening the forcefor pulling the both ends of the core part to make the shape of the corepart unstable, and by intensifying the optical loss of the transmittedlight, it is difficult to cause the transmitted light to pass, and theswitch can be turned “Off”.

Further, by allowing the force for pulling the both ends of the corepart to be accurately adjustable, the optical waveguide according to thefirst aspect of the second group of the present invention can functionas an optical attenuator.

Namely, by adjusting the force for pulling the both ends of the corepart to change the shape of the core part, and by adjusting the opticalloss of the transmitted light, an intensity of the transmitted lightpassing through the optical waveguide can be adjusted.

The optical waveguide according to the first aspect of the second groupof the present invention can be formed by, for example, an opticalwaveguide formation method according to the second aspect of the secondgroup of the present invention to be described later.

The optical waveguide formation method according to the second aspect ofthe second group of the present invention will be described.

The optical waveguide formation method according to the second aspect ofthe second group of the present invention comprises the steps of:

arranging different optical wirings such that

one end of one of the optical wirings substantially faces one end of theother optical wiring and at least both of the faced ends thereof areimmersed in a photosensitive composition; and

irradiating light at least from one of said optical wirings to the otheroptical wiring, thereby forming a core part that connects said opticalwirings to each other,

wherein

both ends of the core parts are pulled.

In the optical waveguide formation method according to the second aspectof the second group of the present invention, the core part can beformed while the both ends are connected to the respective opticalwirings. Besides, since the both ends of the core part are pulled, it isunnecessary to press the optical wirings against each other and fix themto each other when connecting them, and the core part and the opticalwirings are not pressed against one another as seen in the conventionalart. As a result, the optical waveguide can be formed without generatinga damage, a deformation, and the like on end surfaces of the opticalwirings and the like. In addition, since the both ends of the core partare pulled, the core part is not fluidized and the optical waveguideincluding the core part having a stable shape can be obtained.

Therefore, the optical waveguide obtained by the optical waveguideformation method according to the second aspect of the second group ofthe present invention can realize low connection loss between theoptical wirings connected to the optical waveguide.

In the optical waveguide formation method according to the second aspectof the second group of the present invention, the optical wirings arearranged such that one end of one of the optical wirings substantiallyfaces one end of the other optical wiring, and such that at least bothof the faced ends thereof are immersed in the photosensitivecomposition. Alternatively, optical components such as optical elementsor optical parts can be employed in place of the optical wirings.

Accordingly, a light emitting element and a light receiving element maybe arranged such that a light emitting surface (light emitting portion)of the light emitting element substantially faces a light receivingsurface (light receiving portion) of the light receiving element, andsuch that at least the light emitting surface and the light receivingsurface facing each other are immersed in the photosensitivecomposition. Further, the optical wiring and the optical part may bearranged face to face with each other, and the optical waveguideconnecting the optical wiring to the optical part may be formed.

Furthermore, “one end of one of the optical wirings substantially facesone end of the other optical wiring” means that: the different opticalwirings are not necessarily arranged such that optical axes thereof arealigned with each other, that the optical axes of the different opticalwirings may be deviated each other within a range in which the core partthat connects the optical wirings to each other can be formed byirradiating a light from at least one of the optical wirings to theother optical wiring.

An instance of arranging the different optical wirings such that theoptical axes of the optical wirings are aligned with each other willfirst be described. An instance in which the optical axes of thedifferent optical wirings are deviated from each other will be describedlater.

Now, the optical waveguide formation method according to the secondaspect of the second group of the present invention will be describedwith reference to the drawings. The formation method will be describedherein while referring to FIG. 20 which is referred to when describingthe optical waveguide formation method according to the second aspect ofthe first group of the present invention.

In the optical waveguide formation method according to the second aspectof the second group of the present invention, the different opticalwirings are arranged such that one end of one of the optical wiringssubstantially faces one end of the other optical wiring, and such thatat least the ends facing each other are immersed in the photosensitivecomposition.

Specifically, optical fibers 1012 and 1012′ are arranged such that oneend of the optical fiber 1012 faces one end of the optical fiber 1012′,and the photosensitive composition 1011 is, for example, coated so as tosurround the area between the ends of the optical fibers 1012 and 1012′,thereby immersing the ends of the both optical fibers 1012 and 1012′ inthe photosensitive composition 1011 (see FIG. 20(a)).

Next, light for curing the photosensitive composition is irradiated fromone optical fiber 1012 to the optical fiber 1012′ which is arranged toface the optical fiber 1012 (see FIG. 20(b)).

By thus irradiating the light from one optical fiber 1012 to the otheroptical fiber 1012′, the photosensitive composition is gradually curedfrom the optical fiber 1012 side correspondingly to the optical path ofthe light, and the core part of the optical waveguide that connects theoptical fiber 1012 to the optical fiber 1012′ is formed (see FIGS. 20(c)and 20(d)).

In the present specification, it is defined that a cured matter grown byirradiating the light includes a semi-cured matter. Therefore, it isdefined that to cure the photosensitive composition by irradiating thelight also contain to semi-cure the photosensitive composition.

In the formation method for the optical waveguide that connects the twooptical fibers to each other, the light is irradiated only through oneof the optical fibers. Alternatively to this method, lights may beirradiated from the two optical fibers to the counterpart opticalfibers, respectively. In that case, the lights may be irradiated throughthe two optical fibers simultaneously or alternately.

In the optical waveguide formation method according to the second aspectof the second group of the present invention, the type of the lightirradiated when curing the photosensitive composition is not limited toa specific type of light. The light may be appropriately selected basedon components of the photosensitive composition. If the photosensitivecomposition exhibits a photosensitivity in an ultraviolet range, lighthaving a wavelength in the ultraviolet range may be irradiated. As alight source for irradiating the light having such a wavelength, a highpressure mercury lamp and the like can be used. Alternatively, a metalhalide lamp, a xenon lamp, a laser, and the like can be used as thelight source.

As can be seen, in the optical waveguide formation method according tothe second aspect of the second group of the present invention, the corepart is gradually formed from the optical wiring side corresponding tothe optical path of the irradiated light.

Accordingly, the refractive index of the photosensitive composition usedin the optical waveguide formation method according to the second aspectof the second group of the present invention after curing is desirablyhigher than that of the photosensitive composition before curing. Bysetting the optical refractive index of the cured photosensitivecomposition higher, the light irradiated through the optical wiring canbe intensively irradiated from a tip end thereof while the light isconstrained in the formed core part. It is, therefore, possible tofurther ensure forming the optical waveguide corresponding to theoptical path of the light.

In the optical waveguide formation method according to the second aspectof the second group of the present invention, a lower limit of theoptical refractive index of this photosensitive composition after curingis desirably 90% of that of the core of the optical wiring and an upperlimit thereof is desirably 110% so as to form the core part while oneend of each of the optical wirings is immersed in the photosensitivecomposition.

If the photosensitive composition which can form the core part havingthe optical refractive index within the above-mentioned ranges is used,it is possible to form the core part more excellent in connectionperformance with the optical wirings.

The lower limit of the optical refractive index of the photosensitivecomposition after curing is more desirably 95% of that of the core ofthe optical wiring, most desirably 98%. The upper limit thereof is moredesirably 105% of that of the core of the optical wiring, most desirably102%.

Accordingly, if a material for the core of the optical wiring is purequartz glass and an optical refractive index n_(D) of pure quartz glassis about 1.46, for example, it is desirable to use the photosensitivecomposition the optical refractive index n_(D) of which after beingcured is about 1.31 to 1.61.

Further, the optical refractive index of the resin or the like used forthe optical wirings or the optical waveguide changes depending on awavelength. However, a ratio (of the optical refractive index of thecore part of the optical waveguide to that of the core of the opticalwiring) hardly changes from, for example, an ultraviolet range to anear-infrared range.

In addition, a lower limit of the optical refractive index of the corepart before curing, i.e., that of the photosensitive composition and thelike itself is also, desirably 90% of that of the core of the opticalwiring, more desirably 95%, most desirably 98%. An upper limit thereofis desirably 110%, more desirably 105%, most desirably 102%.

As can be seen, in the optical waveguide formation method according tothe second aspect of the second group of the present invention, it isdesirable to select and use the photosensitive composition having theoptical refractive index within the above-mentioned range after curing.Even if the photosensitive composition has an optical refractive indexout of the above-mentioned range, the photosensitive composition can beused by adjusting the optical refractive index. If the opticalrefractive index of the photosensitive composition is to be adjusted, itis desirable to make adjustment so that the optical refractive indexesof the core part before and after curing fall within the respectiveranges mentioned above.

As a method for adjusting the optical refractive index of thephotosensitive composition, the same method as that described inrelation to the second aspect of the first group of the presentinvention, that is, a method for adjusting a molecular refraction and amolecular volume can be used. “The optical refractive index of the coreof the optical wiring” means the optical refractive index of the core ifthe core of the optical wiring has a single optical refractive indexsimilarly to a step index optical fiber (“SI optical fiber”). “Theoptical refractive index of the core of the optical wiring” means a peakoptical index of the core of the optical wiring if the core has theoptical refractive index in a certain range similarly to a graded indexoptical fiber (“GI optical fiber”).

Through these steps, in the optical waveguide formation method accordingto the second aspect of the second group of the present invention, theoptical waveguide comprising the cured core part and the uncuredcladding part corresponding to the optical path of the light can beformed.

However, the uncured cladding part is normally a liquid. In this state,the core part tends to be fluidized and the optical waveguide is quiteunstable.

Therefore, in the optical waveguide formation method according to thesecond aspect of the second group of the present invention, after thecore part is formed, the both ends of the core part are pulled tostabilize the shape of the core part.

Examples of a method for pulling the both ends of the core part includesa method including steps of: mounting different optical wirings onseparate devices such as optical high precision slide bases,respectively; forming the core part that connects the different opticalwirings to each other while mounting them; and pulling the differentoptical wirings by the respective devices. The number of devices such asoptical high precision slide bases is not always two but may be one. Inthe latter case, one of the optical wirings may be placed and fixed ontoa base for fixing the one optical wiring, the other optical wiring maybe placed on the device such as the optical high precision slide base,and the other optical wiring may be pulled by the device. As the methodfor pulling the both ends of the core part, a method using a gravity asa force for pulling the core part can be adopted. Namely, after formingthe core part that connects the different optical wirings to each other,one of the optical wirings is raised and the core part is suspended in avertical direction, whereby the both ends of the core part can bepulled.

It is noted that even if one of the optical wirings is fixed and onlythe other optical wiring is pulled, or even if one of the opticalwirings is raised and the core part is suspended in the verticaldirection as described above, the both ends of the core part are pulled.

The magnitude of the force for pulling the core part is desirably setbased on the thickness, length, material, and the like of the opticalwaveguide described above. Specifically, the force is desirably set sothat the length of the core part extends by about 5 to 50%. This forceis not always constant.

In the optical waveguide formation method according to the second aspectof the second group of the present invention, after or while pulling thecore part by one of the above-mentioned methods, the stable claddingpart is desirably formed around the core part.

The reason is as follows. By forming the stable cladding part around thecore part after or while pulling the both ends of the core part, theoptical waveguide in which the state of pulling the both ends of thecore part is kept can be formed.

Accordingly, in the optical waveguide thus obtained, even after theforce for pulling the optical wirings connected to the both ends of theoptical waveguides, respectively, is removed, the state of pulling theboth ends of the core part can be kept. Further, by forming the stablecladding part, the optical waveguide capable of transmitting the opticalsignal is provided further surely.

“While pulling” means a state in which at least one end of the core partis displaced by being pulled. “After pulling” means not a state in whichthe pulling force is removed but a state in which the both ends of thecore part are pulled and in which a displacement generated on the end ofthe core part is stopped. Accordingly, even “while pulling” or “afterpulling” the core part, a tensile stress is applied to the core part.

If the above-mentioned cladding part is to be formed, a more stablecladding part can be formed by forming the core part, removing theuncured photosensitive composition around the core part, immersing thecore part in another resin composition (which may be either thephotosensitive composition or non-photosensitive composition), andsubjecting this resin composition to a curing processing.

With this method, it is required to deal with the core part verycarefully when removing the uncured photosensitive composition and thelike. Therefore, the method is not so practical.

However, according to the optical waveguide formation method accordingto the second aspect of the second group of the present invention, bycontrast, the core part connected to the optical wirings is raised fromthe uncured photosensitive composition while pulling the both opticalwirings. It is thereby possible to remove the uncured photosensitivecomposition around the core part while pulling the core part andstabilizing the shape of the core part. Thereafter, while keeping astate in which the core part is pulled, the core part is immersed inanother resin composition, and this resin composition is subjected to acuring processing. Thus, the optical waveguide comprising the core parthaving a stabilized shape and the stable cladding part can be formed.

Incidentally, processing for pulling the core part may only be carriedout before the resin composition is subjected to the curing processingafter the core part is immersed in another resin composition, withoutspecially carrying out the pulling processing or the like at the time ofremoving the uncured photosensitive composition around the core part.

Further, besides the above-mentioned methods, the same method as thatdescribed in relation to the optical waveguide formation methodaccording to the second aspect of the first group of the presentinvention, that is, the method for forming the core part and thecladding part using the photosensitive composition in which the coreformation resin and the cladding formation resin are mixed together inadvance as the photosensitive composition can be used.

As the photosensitive composition containing the core formation resinand the resin cladding formation resin, one of the same photosensitivecompositions as those used according to the second aspect of the firstgroup of the present invention can be used.

According to the second aspect of the second group of the presentinvention, by irradiating a light having an intensity with which thelight can polymerize the core formation resin but the lightsubstantially cannot polymerize the cladding formation resin into thephotosensitive composition, only the core formation resin ispreferentially cured, the core part corresponding to the path of thelight is formed, and the uncured photosensitive resin surrounds the corepart, similarly to the second aspect of the first group of the presentinvention.

Next, by curing the cladding formation resin after or while pulling thecore part by one of the above-mentioned methods, the stable claddingpart can be formed around the core part. If the cladding formation resinis cured using such a method, the uncured core formation resin issometimes cured when curing the cladding formation resin similarly tothe second aspect of the first group of the present invention.

By using such a formation method, the optical waveguide excellent inconnection performance with the optical wirings and excellent instability after the entire system is solidified, can be formed.

The method for forming the optical waveguide by immersing one end ofeach optical wiring in the photosensitive composition has beendescribed. Alternatively, an optical element such as a light emittingelement can be used in place of the optical wiring. By immersing a lightemitting surface (light emitting portion) of the light emitting elementin the photosensitive composition or coating the photosensitivecomposition on the light emitting surface, the core part directlyattached to the light emitting surface of the optical component can beformed.

For the optical wirings or the optical components to which the core partis directly attached, positioning of the optical waveguide (core part)and each optical wiring or the like is unnecessary.

The optical waveguide formation method in case the optical axes of thedifferent optical wirings are not completely aligned with each otherwill next be described. The formation method will be described hereinwhile referring to FIG. 21 which is referred to when describing theoptical waveguide formation method according to the second aspect of thefirst group of the present invention.

By simultaneously irradiating lights from the two optical fibers to thecounterpart optical fibers, the core part that connects the two opticalfibers to each other can be formed even if the optical axes of the twooptical fibers are deviated from each other.

That is, the optical fibers 1022 and 1022′ are arranged such that oneend of each of the two optical fibers 1022 and 1022′ optically connectedto each other is immersed in the photosensitive composition 1021, andsuch that one end of one of the optical fibers substantially faces oneend of the other optical fiber. The optical axes of the optical fibersare deviated from each other (see FIG. 21(a)).

Lights for curing the photosensitive composition 1021 are irradiatedfrom the two optical fibers 1022 and 1022′ to the counterpart opticalfibers 1022′ and 1022, respectively (see FIG. 21(b)). In this case, theintensity of the light is higher in a portion Z in which emission lightsX and Y emitted from the optical fibers 1022 and 1022′ are superposed oneach other. Therefore, if the intensity of the light in the superposedportion Z is set so that only the core formation resin can bepolymerized, the core part 1024 can be formed in the portion Z in whichthe emission lights are superposed on each other (see FIG. 21(c)) Withthis method, even if the optical axes of the paired optical fibers 1022and 1022′ are deviated each other, then the core part 1024 is formed onthe optical path of the light that connects ends of the optical fibers1022 and 1022′ to each other, and the two optical fibers 1022 and 1022′can be optically connected with a high probability.

In addition, in the optical waveguide formation method according to thesecond aspect of the second group of the present invention, if theoptical waveguide is formed as described above, the core part 1024 maythen be pulled so that the optical axes of the optical fibers 1022 and1022′ are aligned with each other, or the core part 1024 may then bepulled while the axes of the optical fibers are deviated.

Herein, the method for forming the optical waveguide using thephotosensitive composition has been described. If the optical waveguideaccording to the second aspect of the second group of the presentinvention consists of a resin composition other than the photosensitivecomposition, the optical waveguide can be formed by the followingmethod.

Different optical wirings are arranged such that one end of one opticalwiring faces one end of the other optical wiring. A cylindrical coreformation member filled with a resin composition including thermosettingresin is arranged between the respective ends, and heating is carriedout at a predetermined temperature, thereby forming a core part thatconnects the different optical wirings to each other. Thereafter, thecore part formation member is removed while the core part is left, andthe both ends of the core part are pulled, whereby the optical waveguideaccording to the second aspect of the second group of the presentinvention can be formed.

An optical waveguide according to the first aspect of the third group ofthe present invention will next be described.

The optical waveguide according to the first aspect of the third groupof the present invention is an optical waveguide formed independently ofan optical wiring, wherein a shape of a core part is formed to begradually thinner toward one end of the core part. In the opticalwaveguide according to the first aspect of the third group of thepresent invention, the thinner one end of the core part will be alsoreferred to as an apex and the other end will be also referred to as abottom hereinafter.

Since the shape of the core part is such that the core part is graduallythinner toward one end of the core part in the optical waveguideaccording to the first aspect of the third group of the presentinvention, a light incident from the bottom can be condensed and thecondensed light can be efficiently emitted from the apex.

“A shape of a core part (is) formed to be gradually thinner toward oneend of the core part” is not limited to a specific shape as long as thecore part is shaped such that the apex is smaller than the bottom. Theshape of the core part may be such that only a pair of parallel surfacesof a square column are planed so as to have substantially an equalinclination. The shape of the core part is desirably a generally conicalshape, a generally pyramid shape, or an icicle-like shape, alsodesirably a shape such that the apex is smaller than the bottom and theapex and the bottom are substantially analogous, or such that the apexis smaller than the bottom and the apex and the bottom are non-analogous(e.g., such that the apex is circular and the bottom is polygonal). Withsuch a shape, it is possible to ensure condensing the light incidentfrom the bottom.

Further, if the shape of the core part is such that the apex is smallerthan the bottom and such that the apex and the bottom are non-analogous,the shape is useful when, for example, a core of an optical fiber havinga circular cross section and a core of an optical wiring having arectangular cross section (e.g., a core of a plane optical waveguideconsisting of quartz or polymer) are connected to each other through theoptical waveguide, or when a core of an optical fiber having a circularcross section and a rectangular emission port of a laser diode areconnected to each other through the optical waveguide.

Conventionally, if optical wirings or optical components havingdifferent cross-sectional shapes are connected to each other, an opticalconnection loss might have occurred due to the different cross-sectionalshapes. As described above, if the optical waveguide shaped such thatthe apex and the bottom are non-analogous is used, the cross-sectionalshape is gradually changed. Thus if this optical waveguide is used, itis possible to suppress the occurrence of the optical connection lossdue to the difference in cross-sectional shape between the opticalwirings or optical components to be connected to each other, and tofurther ensure that the light incident from the bottom is condensedtoward the apex.

“Formed independently of an optical wiring” means not that the opticalwaveguide is formed integrally as an extension of the optical wiringusing the same material but that the optical waveguide and the opticalwiring are formed at different timings using different materials. Itdoes not matter whether the optical waveguide and the optical wiring areformed to be bonded to each other. Accordingly, as will be describedlater, this optical waveguide can be dealt with as an independentcomponent. However, if the optical waveguide is formed on a tip end ofthe optical wiring, then the optical waveguide and the optical wiringare bonded to each other, and the optical waveguide and the opticalwiring are desirably used as they are. This is because it is possible toensure receiving an optical signal without performing positioning.

In the optical waveguide according to the first aspect of the thirdgroup of the present invention, when optical components, opticalwirings, or an optical component and an optical wiring are opticallyconnected to each other, the optical waveguide according to the firstaspect of the third group of the present invention interposes betweenthem so that an optical signal is transmitted from the bottom to theapex. With this constitution, it is possible to ensure transmitting theoptical signal without using an expensive lens such as a collimator lensor a condensing lens.

Furthermore, by directly attaching the bottom of the core part to theoptical component or the optical wiring on an optical signal emissionside, the optical signal can be transmitted surely and efficientlythrough the core part.

Examples of the optical component include optical elements such as lightreceiving elements, e.g., a PD (photodiode) and an APD (avalanchephotodiode), and light emitting elements, e.g., an LD (a semiconductorlaser), a DFB-LD (distributed feedback-type semiconductor laser), and anLED (light emitting diode), and optical parts such as a lens, a mirror,a prism, and a filter.

Examples of the optical wiring include that similar to the opticalwiring that constitutes the optical wiring connection body according tothe first aspect of the first group of the present invention. An end ofthe optical wiring used according to the third group of the presentinvention may be either subjected to a planarization processing or notspecially subjected to the planarization processing.

In the optical waveguide according to the first aspect of the thirdgroup of the present invention, it suffices that the shape of the corepart is such that the core part is gradually thinner toward one endthereof, and a material for the core part is not limited to a specificmaterial.

The core part may therefore comprise either an inorganic material or anorganic material.

In particular, the core part desirably comprise an organic materialsince the organic material is excellent is workability.

Specific examples of the inorganic material include insulator crystalssuch as LiNbO₃ (lithium niobate) and YIG (yttrium iron garnet);semiconductor compounds such as GaAs (gallium arsenide) and InP (indiumphosphide); and multi-component glass such as quartz glass andSiO₂—B₂O₃—Na₂O.

Specific examples of the organic material include photosensitivecompositions each of which contains a resin component such as PMMA(polymethyl methacrylate), PMMA deuteride, PMMA deuteride fluoride, orPMMA fluoride, and in each of which a monomer, a photo polymerizationinitiator, an intensifier, a solvent, or the like is blended with theresin component if it is necessary; and resin compositions each of whichcontains a resin component such as epoxy resin, epoxy resin fluoride,polyolefin resin, silicone resin such as silicone resin deuteride, orresin consisting of benzocyclobutene, and in each of which variousadditives are blended with the resin component if it is necessary.

Among the examples of the organic material, the photosensitivecomposition is desirably used. The use of such a photosensitivecomposition is suitable for forming the core part having theabove-mentioned shape. Accordingly, as the organic material, the samecompositions as the photosensitive compositions used in the formation ofthe optical waveguide according to the second aspect of the first groupof the present invention and the like are available.

Further, the photosensitive composition may be an inorganic compositioncontaining quartz doped with Ge, P or the like.

The method for forming the core part having the above-mentioned shapeusing such a photosensitive composition will be described later.

The core part may further contain particles. The optical waveguide usingthe photosensitive composition containing such particles enables thethermal expansion coefficient of the optical wiring to be matched tothat of the optical waveguide when the optical waveguide is directlyattached to the optical component or the optical wiring.

Specific examples of the particles include the same particles as thosecontained in the photosensitive compositions used in the opticalwaveguide formation method according to the second aspect of the firstgroup of the present invention.

Further, the shape and diameter of each particle are the same as thoseof the particle contained in the photosensitive compositions used in theoptical waveguide formation method according to the second aspect of thefirst group of the present invention.

If the core part contains particles, a blending ratio of the particlesafter curing is desirably 10 to 80% by weight, more desirably 20 to 70%by weight. If the blending ratio of the particles is less than 10% byweight, an advantage of blending the particles cannot be greatlyacquired. If it exceeds 80% by weight, transmission of the opticalsignal is often hampered.

In the optical waveguide according to the first aspect of the thirdgroup of the present invention, it is desirable that a cladding part isformed around the core part having the above-mentioned shape. By formingthe cladding part around the core part, it is possible to further ensuretransmitting the optical signal.

If the material for core part is the photosensitive composition and anoptical refractive index of the photosensitive composition after beingcured is higher than that of the photosensitive composition before beingcured, then an uncured photosensitive composition left around the corepart when curing a part of the photosensitive composition and formingthe core part can function as the cladding part. In this case, however,the cladding part has a fluidity and is not desirable in light ofreliability of the optical waveguide. Desirably, therefore, the claddingpart is stabilized by being cured.

If the core part is made of the above-mentioned material, the opticalrefractive index of the material is higher than that of the air.Therefore, the air present around the core part functions as thecladding part and the optical signal can be transmitted by the core partwithout the need to form the cladding part consisting of the inorganicmaterial or the organic material around the core part.

In the optical waveguide according to the first aspect of the thirdgroup of the present invention, therefore, the air can also function asthe stable cladding part.

A material for the cladding part is not limited to a specific one aslong as the material is lower in optical refractive index than the corepart. Specifically, examples of the material for the cladding partinclude the same materials as those for the core part.

Further, a shape of the cladding part is not limited to a specificshape. The cladding part may have such an outside shape as to begradually thinner toward one end, a cylindrical shape, or a prismaticshape similarly to the core part.

Further, the cladding part may also contain the above-mentionedparticles.

As a method for adjusting the optical refractive indexes of the corepart and the cladding part, a conventionally well-known method can beused.

Namely, if the optical waveguide consists of the inorganic material, theoptical refractive indexes can be adjusted by blending a dopant forincreasing the optical refractive indexes such as titania (TiO₂),alumina (Al₂O₃), germania (GeO₂), or sulfur (S), a dopant for decreasingthe optical refractive indexes such as boronia (B₂O₃) or fluorine (F),or the like.

As a method for forming the optical waveguide according to the firstaspect of the third group of the present invention, a conventionallywell-known method can be used if the core part consists of the inorganicmaterial.

Namely, in order to form the optical waveguide consisting of theinorganic material, an epitaxial growth method using vapor-phase epitaxy(VPE), liquid-phase epitaxy (LPE), molecular beam epitaxy (MPE), or thelike; a deposition method such as chemical vapor deposition, e.g.,plasma CVD, thermal CVD, or optical CVD, vacuum deposition, or physicalvapor deposition (PVD), e.g., sputtering, or the like can be used.

If the shape of the core part is set such that the core part isgradually thinner toward one end of the core part when forming the corepart consisting of the inorganic material using one of these methods, araw material may be grown or deposited into such a shape, or acylindrical or prismatic optical waveguide may be formed first, and theoptical waveguide may be then subjected to an etching processing, apolishing processing, or the like, thereby providing the opticalwaveguide having the above-mentioned shape.

An instance in which the core part consists of the organic material willbe described later. The optical waveguide can be formed by an opticalwaveguide formation method according to the second aspect of the thirdgroup of the present invention.

The core part shaped such that the core part is gradually thinner towardone end thereof has been described above. Alternatively, the core partmay have one of shapes shown in FIGS. 28(a) to 28(d).

Namely, the shape of a core part 5011 shown in FIG. 28(a) is such thatthe core part 5011 is gradually thinner toward one end thereof, becomesthick once near the end, and gradually thinner again. The shape of acore part 5012 shown in FIG. 28(b) is such that the core part 5012 isgradually thinner toward one end thereof. However, in FIG. 28(b), theend of the core part 5012 is not steeple-shaped but suddenly thinned toform substantially a sphere. The shape of a core part 5013 shown in FIG.28(c) is such that the core part 5013 is gradually thinner toward oneend thereof, thick by a short distance, and gradually thinner again. Theshape of a core part 5014 shown in FIG. 28(d) is such that the core part5014 is gradually thinner toward one end thereof but bent substantiallyperpendicularly halfway.

Further, the optical waveguide according to the first aspect of thethird group of the present invention may be such that many core parts5054 are formed in an array as shown in FIG. 29. In such an opticalwaveguide, it is possible to ensure that many optical components oroptical wirings can be optically connected simultaneously, or tooptically connect many optical components and optical wiringssimultaneously. It is, therefore, possible to ensure transmitting anoptical signal.

The optical waveguide formation method according to the second aspect ofthe third group of the present invention will be described.

The optical waveguide formation method according to the second aspect ofthe third group of the present invention comprises a step of irradiatinglight into a photosensitive composition through an optical wiring,thereby growing a cured matter of said photosensitive composition havinga shape for condensing said light to form a core part having such ashape that the core part becomes gradually thinner toward one end of thecore part.

With the optical waveguide formation method according to the secondaspect of the third group of the present invention, the core part of ashape such that the core part is gradually thinner toward one endthereof can be appropriately formed.

In the optical waveguide formation method according to the second aspectof the third group of the present invention, the core part is formed byforming the cured matter according to an optical path of the irradiatedlight, and this cured matter is grown into a shape so as to condense theirradiated light. Therefore, the irradiated light follows an opticalpath condensed in the photosensitive composition. As a result, the corepart having the shape such that the core part is gradually thinnertoward one end thereof can be formed.

In the optical waveguide formation method according to the second aspectof the third group of the present invention, by irradiating the lightinto the photosensitive composition through the optical wiring, thephotosensitive composition is cured. In the irradiation of the light,one of the following methods may be used.

(i) A method including steps of immersing one end of the optical wiringinto the photosensitive composition, and of irradiating the light(hereinafter, also referred to as “a first formation method according tothe second aspect of the third group of the present invention”).

(ii) A method including steps of putting the photosensitive compositionin a container, and of irradiating the light through a wall surface ofthis container (hereinafter, also referred to as “a second formationmethod according to the second aspect of the third group of the presentinvention”).

With the first formation method according to the second aspect of thethird group of the present invention, an optical waveguide directlyattached to the optical wiring can be formed. With the second formationmethod according to the second aspect of the third group of the presentinvention, an optical waveguide which can be used in place of a lenswhen optically connecting mainly the optical components, the opticalwirings, or the optical component to the optical wiring.

The first formation method according to the second aspect of the thirdgroup of the present invention will first be described with reference tothe drawings.

FIGS. 30(a) to 30(c) and FIGS. 31(a) to 31(c ) are schematic diagramsfor describing embodiments of the optical waveguide formation methodaccording to the second aspect of the third group of the presentinvention (the first formation method according to the second aspect ofthe third group of the present invention), respectively.

In the first formation method according to the second aspect of thethird group of the present invention, one end of an optical wiring isfirst immersed in a photosensitive composition, and a light isirradiated into the photosensitive composition through this opticalwiring, thereby forming a core part corresponding to an optical path ofthe light and providing an optical waveguide.

Specifically, a photosensitive composition 5001 is coated so as tosurround a tip end of an optical wiring 5002 (see FIGS. 30(a) and 31(a)), the photosensitive composition is put in a container, and one end ofthe optical wiring is immersed in the photosensitive composition.

Next, light is irradiated into the photosensitive composition 5001through the optical wiring 5002, thereby growing a cured matter of thisphotosensitive composition 5001, and forming the core part correspondingto the optical path of the irradiated light.

To grow the cured matter of the photosensitive composition 5001, bygrowing the cured matter into a shape of condensing the irradiated light(see FIGS. 30(b) and 31(b)), the core part of the shape such that thecore part is gradually thinner toward one end thereof can be formed (seeFIGS. 30(c) and 31(c )).

Examples of a method for forming the cured matter of the shape ofcondensing the light includes a method including steps of attaching acondensing lens or a collimator lens to a light emission end of theoptical wiring, and of irradiating the light through this condensinglens or the like (see FIG. 31), a method including a step of irradiatinga light having a low intensity, and a combination method of thesemethods.

If the light having a low intensity is irradiated, the intensity changesdepending on components of the photosensitive composition. Therefore, aspecific intensity cannot be mentioned.

The reason that the cured matter of the shape of condensing the light isformed when the light having a low intensity is irradiated through theoptical wiring will be described briefly.

If the light is irradiated through the optical wiring such as an opticalfiber, an intensity distribution of the light on an emission-side endsurface has a form similar to that of a normal distribution in which theintensity is the highest in a central portion of the optical wiring andcontinuously lower toward an outer edge of the optical wiring. Due tothis, if the light having the low intensity is irradiated into thephotosensitive composition through the optical wiring, it is estimatedthat the cured part that reflects high intensity portion is formed, andthat a shape of this cured matter is a shape for condensing the light.

Incidentally, even if light having a high intensity is irradiatedthrough the optical wiring, the high intensity portion of the light onan emission-side end surface has a form similar to that of the normaldistribution. However, light irradiated from an outer edge of the endsurface has also an intensity enough to cure the photosensitivecomposition. Thus, in this case, it is estimated that the cure matterthat reflects the intensity distribution of the light cannot be formed,and that the shape of the cured matter is not the shape for condensingthe light.

As can be understood, with the first formation method according to thesecond aspect of the third group of the present invention, by growingthe cured matter into the shape for condensing the light, the core partof the shape such that the core part is gradually thinner toward one endthereof is formed.

Further, in the first formation method according to the second aspect ofthe third group of the present invention, the type of the lightirradiated when curing the photosensitive composition is not limited toa specific type of light. The light may be appropriately selected basedon components of the photosensitive composition. If the photosensitivecomposition exhibits a photosensitivity in an ultraviolet range, a lightsource such as a high pressure mercury lamp for irradiating a lighthaving a wavelength in the ultraviolet range can be used. Alternatively,a metal halide lamp, a xenon lamp, a laser, or the like can be used asthe light source.

The photosensitive composition after being cured needs to be higher inoptical refractive index than that before being cured. If the opticalrefractive index is higher after the photosensitive composition iscured, the light is irradiated through the optical wiring into thephotosensitive composition so that the light is condensed while beingconstrained in the core part formed.

With the first formation method according to the second aspect of thethird group of the present invention, the core part is formed while oneend of the optical wiring is immersed in the photosensitive composition.Desirably; therefore, a lower limit of the optical refractive index ofthis photosensitive composition after being cured is 90% of that of acore of the optical wiring, and an upper limit thereof is 110%.

If the photosensitive composition which can form the core part havingthe optical refractive indexes within the above-mentioned ranges isused, it is possible to form the core part excellent in connectionperformance with the optical wiring.

The lower limit of the optical refractive index of the photosensitivecomposition after curing is more desirably 95% of that of the core ofthe optical wiring, most desirably 98%. The upper limit thereof is moredesirably 105% of that of the core of the optical wiring, most desirably102%.

Accordingly, if a material for the core of the optical wiring is purequartz glass and an optical refractive index n_(D) of pure quartz glassis about 1.46, for example, it is desirable to use the photosensitivecomposition the optical refractive index n_(D) of which after beingcured is about 1.31 to 1.61.

Further, the optical refractive index of the resin or the like used forthe optical wirings or the optical waveguide changes depending on awavelength. However, a ratio (of the optical refractive index of thecore part of the optical waveguide to that of the core of the opticalwiring) hardly changes from, for example, an ultraviolet range to anear-infrared range.

In addition, a lower limit of the optical refractive index of the corepart before curing, i.e., that of the photosensitive composition or thelike itself is also, desirably 90% of that of the core of the opticalwiring, more desirably 95%, most desirably 98%. An upper limit thereofis desirably 110%, more desirably 105%, most desirably 102%.

As can be seen, in the optical waveguide formation method according tothe second aspect of the third group of the present invention, it isdesirable to select and use the photosensitive composition having theoptical refractive index within the above-mentioned range after curing.Even if the photosensitive composition has an optical refractive indexout of the above-mentioned range, the photosensitive composition can beused by adjusting the optical refractive index. If the opticalrefractive index of the photosensitive composition is to be adjustable,it is desirable to make adjustment so that the optical refractiveindexes of the core part before and after curing fall within therespective ranges described above.

As a method for adjusting the optical refractive index of thephotosensitive composition, the same method as that described inrelation to the second aspect of the first group of the presentinvention, that is, a method for adjusting a molecular refraction and amolecular volume, for example, can be used.

The definition of “the optical refractive index of the core of theoptical wiring” is the same as that according to the second group of thepresent invention.

The method for forming the optical waveguide by immersing one end of theoptical wiring in the photosensitive composition has been described.Alternatively, an optical element such as a light emitting element canbe used in place of the optical wiring. By immersing a light emittingsurface (light emitting portion) of the light emitting element in thephotosensitive composition or coating the photosensitive composition onthe light emitting surface, the core part directly attached to the lightemitting surface of the optical component can be formed.

For the optical wirings or the optical components to which the core partis directly attached, positioning of the optical waveguide (core part)and each optical wiring or the like is unnecessary.

The second formation method according to the second aspect of the thirdgroup of the present invention will next be described with reference tothe drawings.

FIGS. 32(a) to (c) are schematic diagrams for describing one embodimentof the optical waveguide formation method according to the second aspectof the third group of the present invention (the second formation methodaccording to the second aspect of the third group of the presentinvention).

In the second formation method according to the second aspect of thethird group of the present invention, a photosensitive composition isfirst put in a container, and a light is irradiated into thephotosensitive composition through a wall surface of this container,thereby forming a core part corresponding to an optical path of thelight and providing an optical waveguide.

A material for the container is not limited to a specific material aslong as the material transmits the irradiated light. A shape of thecontainer is not limited to a specific shape.

Specifically, a photosensitive composition 5021 is put in a cylindricalcontainer 5025, and one end of an optical wiring 5022 is fixedlyattached to a bottom of this container 5025 (see FIG. 32(a)).

Next, light is irradiated into the photosensitive composition 5021through the wall surface (bottom) of the container 5026, thereby growinga cured matter of this photosensitive composition 5021, and forming thecore part corresponding to the optical path of the irradiated light.

To grow the cured matter of the photosensitive composition 5021, bygrowing the cured matter into a shape of condensing the irradiated light(see FIGS. 32(b)), the core part of the shape such that the core part isgradually thinner toward one end thereof can be formed (see FIGS.32(c)).

Examples of a method for forming the cured matter of the shape ofcondensing the light includes a method including steps of attaching acondensing lens or a collimator lens to an end of the optical wiring ona side on which the optical wiring is attached to the wall surface ofthe container, and of irradiating the light through this condensing lensor the like, a method including a step of irradiating a light having alow intensity, and a combination method of these methods.

In the second formation method according to the second aspect of thethird group of the present invention, similarly to the first formationmethod, the intensity of the light for the method of irradiating thelight having a low intensity changes depending on components of thephotosensitive composition, the material for the container, and thelike. Therefore, a specific intensity cannot be mentioned.

In the second formation method according to the second aspect of thethird group of the present invention, examples of the light irradiatedwhen curing the photosensitive composition include the same as thoseused in the first formation method according to the second aspect of thethird group of the present invention. As a light source of the light,the same as that used in the first formation method according to thesecond aspect of the third group of the present invention can be used.

Similarly to the photosensitive composition used in the first formationmethod according to the second aspect of the third group of the presentinvention, the photosensitive composition used in the second formationmethod according to the second aspect of the third group of the presentinvention needs to be a photosensitive composition which has higheroptical refractive index after being cured compared to that before beingcured.

By using the first or second formation method according to the secondaspect of the third group of the present invention, the core part of theshape such that the core part is gradually thinner toward one endthereof can be formed.

In the first or second formation method according to the second aspectof the third group of the present invention, to form the core partcorresponding to the optical path of the light irradiated through theoptical wiring, if the core part is formed by arranging an opticalelement such as a light receiving element so that a light receivingelement (light receiving portion) of the element is arranged on theoptical path of this light, and by irradiating the light while theoptical element is being arranged, the cured matter of thephotosensitive composition is grown so as to condense the light towardthe light receiving surface. Therefore, the core part directly attachedto the light receiving surface of the optical component can be formed.The optical component to which the core part formed by such a method isdirectly attached can ensure receiving the optical signal.

In the optical waveguide formation method according to the second aspectof the third group of the present invention, after forming the core partby one of the above-mentioned methods, a stable cladding part isdesirably formed around the core part.

The reason is as follows. By forming the stable cladding part around thecore part, the optical waveguide which can ensure transmitting theoptical signal can be provided.

If the cladding part is to be formed, a more stable cladding part can beformed by forming the core part, removing the uncured photosensitivecomposition around the core part, immersing the core part in anotherresin composition (which may be either the photosensitive composition ornon-photosensitive composition), and subjecting this resin compositionto a curing processing.

With this method, however, it is required to deal with the core partvery carefully when removing the uncured photosensitive composition orthe like. Therefore, the method is not so practical.

Desirably, therefore, the method described in relation to the opticalwaveguide formation method according to the second aspect of the firstgroup of the present invention, that is, the method for forming the corepart and the cladding part using the photosensitive composition in whichthe core formation resin and the cladding formation resin are mixedtogether in advance is used.

As the photosensitive composition containing the core formation resinand the cladding formation resin, one of the same photosensitivecompositions as those used according to the second aspect of the firstgroup of the present invention can be used.

According to the second aspect of the third group of the presentinvention, by irradiating a light having an intensity with which thelight can polymerize the core formation resin but the lightsubstantially cannot polymerize the cladding formation resin into thephotosensitive composition when the light is irradiated into thephotosensitive composition using the method for irradiating the lighthaving the low intensity, or the method for irradiating the lightthrough the condensing lens, only the core formation resin ispreferentially cured, the core part corresponding to the path of thelight is formed, and the uncured photosensitive resin surrounds the corepart, similarly to the second aspect of the first group of the presentinvention.

Thereafter, by curing the cladding formation resin, the stable claddingpart can be formed around the core part. If the cladding formation resinis cured using such a method, the uncured core formation resin issometimes cured when curing the cladding formation resin similarly tothe second aspect of the first group of the present invention.

By using such a formation method, the optical waveguide excellent inconnection performance with the optical wirings and excellent instability after the entire system is solidified, can be formed.

If the optical waveguide of one of the shapes shown in FIGS. 28(a) to28(c) is formed, the intensity of an irradiated light may be changedwith passage of time according to the shape of the optical waveguidewhen, for example, the light is irradiated into the photosensitivecomposition using the above-mentioned method. If the optical waveguideof the shape shown in FIG. 28(d) is formed, the mirror or the like maybe arranged on the optical path in advance when, for example, the lightis irradiated into the photosensitive composition using one of theabove-mentioned methods.

Furthermore, to form the core part, a resist formation method, a moldformation method, an exposure-development method, an RIE (Reactive IonEtching) method, or the like can be used.

BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION

Embodiments according to the first to third groups of the presentinvention described above will be described hereinafter in detail. Itshould be noted that the embodiments according to the first to thirdgroups of the present invention are not limited thereto.

EXAMPLE 1

A. Preparation of Photosensitive Composition

As a photosensitive composition, an acrylate-based UV-cured adhesivecured by a radical polymerization reaction when being irradiated withultraviolet rays (Loctite 358 made by Loctite Corporation; hereinafter,referred to as “resin A”) was prepared.

An optical refractive index of this resin A at a wavelength of 589 nm isabout 1.48 before curing and about 1.51 after curing.

B. Formation of Optical Waveguide (See FIG. 24)

(1) A GI multimode fiber made of quartz and having a length of about onemeter (made by Fujikura Ltd., core/cladding part=50 μm/125 μm) wasprepared.

After cutting this optical fiber on a side on which the optical fiberwas immersed in the photosensitive composition by a cutting tool (anipper), a cladding part was exposed by peeling off about 10 mm of acoating layer from an end surface side by an ordinary method.Thereafter, the optical fiber was not specially subjected to aplanarization processing.

As for a roughness of an end surface of a core of the optical fiber onthe side on which the optical fiber was immersed in the photosensitivecomposition, Ra was 1 μm and Rmax was 10 μm. The roughness of this endsurface was measured by a laser displacement gauge manufactured byKeyence Corporation.

An optical refractive index of the core of this optical fiber at awavelength of 589 nm is about 1.48.

(2) UV-containing light having a spectral distribution in a wavelengthrange of 200 to 500 nm was incident on one end of the optical fiber 1002by an ultraviolet irradiation device 1005 (5252L, manufactured byMatsushita Machine and Vision Ltd.) using a high pressure mercury lampof 250 W as a light source. Aluminous intensity of an ultraviolet rayemitted from the other end of the optical fiber 1002 was adjusted to 0.3mW/cm² by a UV luminometer (UIT-150, manufactured by Ushio Inc.).

(3) An emission-side end of the optical fiber 1002 was located in anoptical fiber V-groove substrate 1006 (quartz V groove, made by MoritexCorporation), the photosensitive composition 1001 prepared in theprocess A was coated on the entire end of the optical fiber 1002 so asto bury the photosensitive composition 1001 in the end without gap.Thereafter, the end of the optical fiber 1002 and the photosensitivecomposition 1001 were caught in a V-groove fixation plate so as not tobe moved.

(4) While keeping the optical fiber 1002 in the state described in (3)above, the UV-containing light the luminous intensity of which wasadjusted in the step (2) was irradiated from the emission end of theoptical fiber 1002 into the photosensitive composition 1001, therebyforming a core part.

In this step (4), shapes of the core part formed by irradiating theUV-containing light for one second, three seconds and 10 seconds,respectively, were observed by a microscope (VH-7000, manufactured byKeyence Corporation). As a result, when the UV-containing light wasirradiated for one second, three seconds and 10 seconds, the core partof about 300 μm, about 500 μm and about 1 mm were formed, respectively.

After the step (4) was finished, visible light was irradiated to thecore part thus formed from the emission end of the optical fiber 1002,and leakage light from an optical waveguide was observed. The leakagelight was observed along a shape of the optical waveguide, and it wasconfirmed that a stable optical waveguide was formed.

In addition, an optical refractive index of the core part of the opticalwaveguide formed in this example is 102% of that of the core of theoptical fiber 1002 connected to the core part.

A relative value (102%) of the optical refractive index of the core partof the optical waveguide to the optical refractive index of the core ofthis optical wiring was calculated based on the optical refractive index(about 1.48) of the core of the optical fiber at the wavelength of 589nm and the optical refractive index (about 1.51) of the resin A at thewavelength of 589 nm after curing. In the following examples, referenceexamples and comparative examples, the same calculation method isapplied.

Further, a return loss of an optical transmission structural bodycomprising the optical fiber and the optical waveguide thus manufacturedwas measured as 50 dB. The measurement of the return loss was carriedout according to the method (4) according to JIS C 5961 6.2.4.

EXAMPLE 2

An optical waveguide was formed similarly to Example 1 except that afitting plate made of quartz glass was arranged on an optical path ofirradiated light so as to be inclined at 45° with respect to an endsurface of an optical fiber in the step (3) of the process B in Example1 (see FIG. 15).

The optical waveguide formed in this example was observed by amicroscope. As a result, it was confirmed that an optical pathconversion mirror inclined at 45° with respect to the end surface of theoptical fiber was formed on an end surface of the optical waveguide atopposite side to a side on which the optical waveguide was coupled tothe optical fiber.

In addition, for the optical waveguide formed in this example, anuncured photosensitive composition was removed to allow surroundings ofa core part to serve as a cladding part comprising the air. In thisstate, similarly to Example 1, visible light was irradiated from anemission end of the optical fiber. As a result, it was confirmed that anoptical path of the visible light was converted by 90° on the endsurface of the optical waveguide at opposite side to the side on whichthe optical waveguide was coupled to the optical fiber.

Furthermore, a return loss of an optical transmission structural bodycomprising the optical fiber and the optical waveguide manufactured inthis example was measured as 50 dB.

EXAMPLE 3

An optical waveguide was formed similarly to Example 1 except that amirror a reflection surface of which made of aluminum was arranged on anoptical path of irradiated light so as to be inclined at 45° withrespect to an end surface of an optical fiber in the step (3) of theprocess B in Example 1 (see FIG. 16).

The optical waveguide formed in this example was observed by amicroscope. As a result, it was confirmed that the optical waveguide wasbent at 90° halfway.

In addition, for the optical waveguide formed in this example, similarlyto Example 1, visible light was irradiated from an emission end of theoptical fiber and leakage light of the optical waveguide was observed.As a result, it was confirmed that an optical path was converted by 90°halfway along the optical waveguide.

Furthermore, a return loss of an optical transmission structural bodycomprising the optical fiber and the optical waveguide manufactured inthis example was measured as 50 dB.

EXAMPLE 4

An optical waveguide was formed similarly to Example 1 except that amirror a reflection surface of which is made of aluminum was arranged ona part of an optical path of an irradiated light so as to be inclined at45° with respect to an end surface of an optical fiber in the step (3)of the process B in Example 1 (see FIG. 18(b)).

The optical waveguide formed in this example was observed by amicroscope. As a result, it was confirmed that an optical pathconversion mirror was formed halfway along the optical waveguide, andthat the optical waveguide was branched into two directions in a portionof the optical path conversion mirror.

In addition, for the optical waveguide formed in this example, similarlyto Example 1, visible light was irradiated from an emission end of theoptical fiber and leakage light of the optical waveguide was observed.As a result, it was confirmed that an optical path was branched into twoparts halfway along the optical waveguide, and that the visible lightwas emitted from each of two end surfaces.

Furthermore, a return loss of an optical transmission structural bodycomprising the optical fiber and the optical waveguide manufactured inthis example was measured as 50 dB.

EXAMPLE 5

A. Preparation of Photosensitive Composition

A resin A was prepared similarly to Example 1.

B. Formation of Optical Waveguide (See FIG. 25)

(1) Similarly to Example 1, five sets of two GI multimode fibers made ofquartz and having a length of about one meter (made by Fujikura Ltd.,core/cladding part=50 μm/125 μm) (ten GI multimode fibers in all) wereprepared. As optical fibers, the following fibers were used. Aftercutting each fiber on a side on which the optical fiber was immersed inthe photosensitive composition by a cutting tool (a nipper), a claddingpart was exposed by peeling off about 10 mm of a coating layer from anend surface by an ordinary method. Thereafter, the optical fiber was notspecially subjected to a planarization processing. Although roughnessesof end surfaces of these optical fibers were irregular, an average Rawas 2 μm and an average Rmax was 20 μm.

(2) UV-containing light having a spectral distribution in a wavelengthrange of 200 to 500 nm was input from one end of each set of a pair ofoptical fibers 1012 and 1012′ by an ultraviolet irradiation device 1015(5252L, manufactured by Matsushita Machine and Vision Ltd.) using a highpressure mercury lamp of 250 W as a light source. A luminous intensityof ultraviolet rays emitted from the other emission-side end of each ofthe optical fibers 1012 and 1012′ was adjusted to 0.3 mW/cm² by a UVluminometer (UIT-150,manufactured by Ushio Inc.).

(3) The emission-side ends of the respective optical fibers 1012 and1012′ were located face to face with each other with a distance of about500 μm kept between the optical fibers 1012 and 1012′ and placed on anoptical fiber V-groove substrate 1016 (quartz V groove, made by MoritexCorporation). The photosensitive composition 1001 prepared in theprocess A was coated on an entire faced portion so as to bury thephotosensitive composition 1001 between the optical fibers 1012 and1012′ without gap. Thereafter, the faced portion of optical fibers andthe photosensitive composition 1001 were caught in a V-groove fixationplate so as not to be moved.

(4) While keeping the optical fibers 1012 and 1012′ in the statedescribed in (3) above, light having a power of about −10 dBm (about 0.1mW) was incident on an incidence side of one optical fiber 1012 using anLED light source at a wavelength of 850 nm (AQ2140 and AQ4215,manufactured by Ando Electric Co., Ltd.), and a power of light emittedfrom an incidence side of the other optical fiber 1012′ was measured bya power meter (AQ2140 and AQ2730, manufactured by Ando Electric Co.,Ltd.)

(5) While keeping the optical fibers 1012 and 1012′ in the statedescribed in (3) above, UV-containing lights the luminous intensity ofeach of which was adjusted in the step (2) were simultaneouslyirradiated from emission ends of the respective optical fibers 1012 and1012′ into the photosensitive composition 1011 for one to two seconds.

When the steps (1) to (4) were carried out for each of the five sets ofthe optical fibers, the photosensitive composition 1011 was not curedyet. At the end of the step (4), an optical power loss of 8 dB or morewas measured for each set. In addition, at the end of the step (5), coreparts were formed on the emission ends of the respective optical fibers1012 and 1012′ for each set. An microscopic observation indicated thatthe respective core parts were coupled to each other in the vicinity ofa center.

Further, after the step (5) was finished, an optical power loss at awavelength of 850 nm was measured by the same method as that used in thestep (4). The optical power loss was 1.6 to 3.3 dB, which was greatlylower than the value measured between the optical fibers for each setafter the step (4) was finished. This indicated that in the opticalfibers for each set, the two optical fibers 1012 and 1012′ were surely,optically coupled to each other. It was confirmed that after the step(5) was finished, light was guided through the core part.

Furthermore, a return loss of an optical transmission structural bodycomprising the two optical fibers and the optical waveguide manufacturedin this example was measured for each set. Return losses of the fivesets were all 50 dB or more.

It is noted that an optical refractive index of the core part of theoptical waveguide formed in this example is 102% of that of a core ofeach optical fiber to which the core part was connected.

EXAMPLE 6

In the step (1) of the process B in Example 5, five sets of two GImultimode fibers each consisting of quartz and each having a length ofabout one meter (ten GI multimode fibers in all) similar to those usedin Example 1 were prepared. Optical waveguides were formed similarly toExample 1 except for the following respects. As optical fibers, thefollowing fibers were used. After cutting each fiber on a side on whichthe optical fiber was immersed in the photosensitive composition by acutting tool (a nipper), a processing of peeling of a coating layer wasnot carried out, and a planarization processing was not speciallycarried out. Although roughnesses of end surfaces of the optical fibersthus cut were irregular, an average Ra was 2 μm and an average Rmax was20 μm. In addition, the coating layer is left in the vicinity of the endsurface of each optical fiber used in this example on the side on whichthe optical fiber was immersed in the photosensitive composition.

A shape of a core part of each optical waveguide formed in this examplewas observed by a microscope. The microscopic observation indicated thateach core has a stable shape, and that the core parts were coupled toeach other in the vicinity of a center.

Further, an optical power loss of each of the five sets of opticalfibers was measured using the same method as that used in Example 5. Itwas confirmed that before and after the lights were simultaneouslyirradiated from the respective optical fibers, the loss was greatlyreduced from 8 dB or more down to 1.5 to 3.3 dB for each set.

Furthermore, a return loss of an optical transmission structural bodycomprising the two optical fibers and the optical waveguide manufacturedin this example was measured for each set. Return losses of the fivesets were all 50 dB or more.

It is noted that an optical refractive index of the core part of eachoptical waveguide formed in this example is 102% of that of a core ofeach optical fiber to which the core part was connected.

EXAMPLE 7

A. Preparation of Photosensitive Composition

As a photosensitive composition, a UV-cured adhesive cured when beingirradiated with ultraviolet rays (OPTOKLEB HV16 made by Ardel Co.;hereinafter, referred to as “resin B”) was prepared.

An optical refractive index of this resin B at a wavelength of 589 nm isabout 1.57 before curing and about 1.60 after curing.

B. Formation of Optical Waveguide

A core part of each optical waveguide made of the resin B was formedsimilarly to Example 5 except for the use of the photosensitivecomposition (resin B) prepared in the step of the process A. A shape ofthis core part was observed by a microscope. The microscopic observationindicated that the core part has a stable shape, and that the core partsof each optical waveguides were coupled in the vicinity of the center.

Further, an optical power loss of each of five sets of optical fiberswas measured using the same method as that used in Example 5. It wasconfirmed that before and after the lights were simultaneouslyirradiated from the respective optical fibers, the loss was greatlyreduced from 8 dB or more down to 2.3 to 6.5 dB for each set.

Furthermore, a return loss of an optical transmission structural bodycomprising the two optical fibers and the optical waveguide manufacturedin this example was measured for each set. Return losses of the fivesets were all 50 dB or more.

It is noted that an optical refractive index of the core part of eachoptical waveguide formed in this example is 108% of that of a core ofeach optical fiber to which the core part was connected.

EXAMPLE 8

A. Preparation of Photosensitive Composition

As a photosensitive composition, the resin B and an acrylate-basedUV-cured adhesive cured when being irradiated with ultraviolet rays(OPTODYNE UV2000, made by Daikin Industries, Ltd.; hereinafter, referredto as “resin C”) were prepared.

An optical refractive index of this resin Cat a wavelength of 589 nm isabout 1.45 before curing, and about 1.48 after curing.

B. Formation of Optical Wiring (See FIG. 43)

(1) The resin B was coated on a flat quartz glass plate 1514 by spincoating so that a film thickness of the resin B after curing was about40 μm, thereby forming a core formation resin layer 1513′ (see FIG.43(a)).

(2) A mask (not shown) drawing a core pattern (a width of 40 μm) wasplaced on the core formation resin layer, and an exposure processing wasthen carried out, thereby forming a linear core 1513. After an unexposedportion was removed by alcohol (see FIG. 43(b)), an appropriate quantityof the resin C was coated on the core 1513 thus formed, and an exposureprocessing was carried out to cure the resin C.

(3) Through these steps, an optical wiring (a linear waveguide)comprising the core 1513 made of a cured matter of the resin B, and acladding part comprising the quartz glass 1514 and a cured matter 1515of the resin C was formed (see FIG. 43(c)).

(4) Five optical wirings were manufactured, and were broken and cutalmost at centers, respectively.

C. Formation of Optical Waveguide (See FIG. 44)

(1) The five sets of optical wirings (linear waveguides) (ten in all)manufactured through the steps of the process B were prepared. An endsurface of a core of each optical wiring on a side on which the opticalwiring was immersed in the photosensitive composition was broken andcut, and not specially subjected to a planarization processing. Althoughroughnesses of the optical wirings were irregular, an average Ra was 2μm and an average Rmax was 20 μm.

(2) UV-containing light having a spectral distribution in a wavelengthrange of 200 to 500 nm was input from one end of a set of two opticalwirings 1512 and 1512′ through an optical fiber by an ultravioletirradiation device (5252L, manufactured by Matsushita Machine and VisionLtd.) using a high pressure mercury lamp of 250 W as a light source. Aluminous intensity of ultraviolet rays emitted from the otheremission-side end of each of the optical wirings 1512 and 1512′ wasadjusted to 0.3 mW/cm² by a UV luminometer (UIT-150, manufactured byUshio Inc.).

(3) The emission-side ends of the respective optical wirings 1512 and1512′ were located face to face, with a distance of about 500 μm keptbetween the optical fibers 1512 and 1512′. The photosensitivecomposition (resin C) 1511 prepared in the process A was coated on anentire faced portion so as to bury the photosensitive composition 1511between the optical wirings 1512 and 1512′ without gap (see FIG. 44(a)).Thereafter, the faced portion of optical fibers and the resin C werecaught in a fitting plate so as not to be moved.

(4) While keeping the optical wirings 1512 and 1512′ in the statedescribed in (3) above, light having a power of about −10 dBm (about 0.1mW) was incident on an incidence side of one optical wiring 1512 usingan LED light source at a wavelength of 850 nm (AQ2140 and AQ4215,manufactured by Ando Electric Co., Ltd.), and a power of light emittedfrom an incidence side of the other optical wiring 1512′ was measured bya power meter (AQ2140 and AQ2730, manufactured by Ando Electric Co.,Ltd.)

(5) While keeping the optical wirings 1512 and 1512′ in the statedescribed in (3) above, UV-containing lights the luminous intensity ofeach of which was adjusted in the step (2) were simultaneouslyirradiated from emission ends of the respective optical wirings 1512 and1512′ into the photosensitive composition (resin C) 1511 for one to twoseconds (see FIG. 44(b)).

At the end of the step (5), core parts were formed on the emission endsof the respective optical wirings 1512 and 1512′ for each set, and amicroscopic observation indicated that the core parts were coupled toeach other in the vicinity of a center (see FIG. 44(c)).

An optical power loss was measured for each of the five sets of theoptical wirings using the same method as that used in Example 5. It wasconfirmed that before and after the lights were simultaneouslyirradiated from the respective optical wirings, the loss was greatlyreduced from 8 dB or more down to 2.5 to 6.8 dB for each set.

Furthermore, a return loss of an optical transmission structural bodycomprising the two optical wirings and the optical waveguidemanufactured in this example was measured for each set. Return losses ofthe five sets were all 50 dB or more.

It is noted that an optical refractive index of the core part of eachoptical waveguide formed in this example is 93% of that of a core ofeach optical wiring to which the core part was connected.

EXAMPLE 9

A. Preparation of Photosensitive Composition

As a photosensitive composition, a UV-cured adhesive cured when beingirradiated with an ultraviolet ray (NOA 72 made by Noland Company;hereinafter, referred to as “resin D”) was prepared.

It is noted that an optical refractive index of this resin D at awavelength of 589 nm is about 1.53 before curing and about 1.56 aftercuring.

B. Formation of Optical Waveguide

Similarly to Example 5 except for the use of the photosensitivecomposition (resin D) prepared in the step of the process A, core partsof each optical waveguide made of the resin D were formed. A shape ofeach core part of the optical waveguide was observed by a microscope.The microscopic observation indicated that each core has a stable shape,and that the core parts were coupled to each other in the vicinity of acenter.

Further, an optical power loss of each of the five sets of opticalfibers was measured using the same method as that used in Example 5. Itwas confirmed that before and after the lights were simultaneouslyirradiated from the respective optical fibers, the loss was greatlyreduced from 8 dB or more down to 2.1 to 5.7 dB for each set.

Furthermore, a return loss of an optical transmission structural bodycomprising the two optical fibers and the optical waveguide manufacturedin this example was measured for each set. Return losses of the fivesets were all 50 dB or more.

It is noted that an optical refractive index of the core part of eachoptical waveguide formed in this example is 105% of that of a core ofeach optical fiber to which the core part was connected.

EXAMPLE 10

A. Preparation of Photosensitive Composition

As a photosensitive composition, the resin C and the resin D wereprepared.

B. Formation of Optical Wiring

Similarly to the steps (1) to (4) of the process B in Example 8, fiveoptical wirings (linear waveguides) each comprising a core made of acured matter of the resin D, and a cladding part comprising quartz glassand a cured matter of the resin C were formed, and broken and cut almostat centers, respectively.

C. Formation of Optical Waveguide

(1) The five sets of optical wirings (linear optical waveguides) (ten inall) manufactured through the steps of the process B were prepared. Anend surface of a core of each optical wiring on a side on which theoptical wiring was immersed in the photosensitive composition was brokenand cut, and not specially subjected to a planarization processing.Although roughnesses of the optical wirings were irregular, an averageRa was 2 μm and an average Rmax was 20 μm.

Using these optical wirings, optical waveguides each comprising a coremade of the resin C were formed similarly to the steps (2) to (5) of theprocess C in Example 8. Thereafter, a shape of each core part wasobserved by a microscope. The microscopic observation indicated that thecore part has a stable shape, and that the core parts were coupled toeach other in the vicinity of a center.

An optical power loss was measured for each of the five sets of theoptical wirings using the same method as that used in Example 5. It wasconfirmed that before and after the lights were simultaneouslyirradiated from the respective optical wirings, the loss was greatlyreduced from 8 dB or more down to 1.9 to 5.6 dB for each set.

Furthermore, a return loss of an optical transmission structural bodycomprising the two optical wirings and the optical waveguidemanufactured in this example was measured for each set. Return losses ofthe five sets were all 50 dB or more.

It is noted that an optical refractive index of the core part of eachoptical waveguide formed in this example is 95% of that of a core ofeach optical wiring to which the core part was connected.

EXAMPLE 11

A. Preparation of Photosensitive Composition

As a photosensitive composition, the resin A and the resin C wereprepared.

B. Formation of Optical Wiring

Similarly to the steps (1) to (4) of the process B in Example 8, fiveoptical wirings (linear waveguides) each comprising a core made of acured matter of the resin A, and a cladding part comprising quartz glassand a cured matter of the resin C were formed, and broken and cut almostat centers, respectively.

C. Formation of Optical Waveguide

(1) The five sets of optical wirings (linear optical waveguides) (ten inall) manufactured through the steps of the process B were prepared. Anend surface of a core of each optical wiring on a side on which theoptical wiring was immersed in the photosensitive composition was brokenand cut, and not specially subjected to a planarization processing.Although roughnesses of the optical wirings were irregular, an averageRa was 2 μm and an average Rmax was 20 μm.

Using these optical wirings, optical waveguides each comprising a coremade of the resin C were formed similarly to the steps (2) to (5) of theprocess C in Example 8. Thereafter, a shape of each core part wasobserved by a microscope. The microscopic observation indicated that thecore part has a stable shape, and that the core parts were coupled toeach other in the vicinity of a center.

An optical power loss was measured for each of the five sets of theoptical wirings using the same method as that used in Example 5. It wasconfirmed that before and after the lights were simultaneouslyirradiated from the respective optical wirings, the loss was greatlyreduced from 8 dB or more down to 1.8 to 3.4 dB for each set.

Furthermore, a return loss of an optical transmission structural bodycomprising the two optical wirings and the optical waveguidemanufactured in this example was measured for each set. Return losses ofthe five sets were all 50 dB or more.

It is noted that an optical refractive index of the core part of eachoptical waveguide formed in this example is 98% of that of a core ofeach optical wiring to which the core part was connected.

EXAMPLE 12

A. Preparation of Photosensitive Composition

As a photosensitive composition, resin C was prepared.

B. Formation of Optical Waveguide

Similarly to Example 5 except for the use of the photosensitivecomposition (resin C) prepared in the step of the process A in place ofthe resin A, core parts of each optical waveguide made of the resin Cwere formed. A shape of each core part of the optical waveguide wasobserved by a microscope. The microscopic observation indicated thateach core has a stable shape, and that the core parts were coupled toeach other in the vicinity of a center.

Further, an optical power loss of each of the five sets of opticalfibers was measured using the same method as that used in Example 5. Itwas confirmed that before and after the lights were simultaneouslyirradiated from the respective optical fibers, the loss was greatlyreduced from 8 dB or more down to 1 dB or less for each set.

Furthermore, a return loss of an optical transmission structural bodycomprising the two optical fibers and the optical waveguide manufacturedin this example was measured for each set. Return losses of the fivesets were all 60 dB or more.

It is noted that an optical refractive index of the core part of eachoptical waveguide formed in this example is 100% of that of a core ofeach optical fiber to which the core part was connected.

REFERENCE EXAMPLE 1

A. Preparation of Photosensitive Composition

As a photosensitive composition, the resin C, a UV-cured adhesive curedwhen being irradiated with ultraviolet rays (OPTODYNE UV1000, made byDaikin Industries, Ltd.; hereinafter, referred to as “resin E”), and aUV-cured adhesive cured when being irradiated with the ultraviolet rays(OPTOKLEB HV153 made by Ardel Co.; hereinafter, referred to as “resinF”) were prepared.

An optical refractive index of this resin E at a wavelength of 589 nm isabout 1.42 before curing and about 1.45 after curing. An opticalrefractive index of this resin F at a wavelength of 589 nm is about 1.60before curing and about 1.63 after curing.

B. Formation of Optical Wiring

Similarly to the steps (1) to (4) of the process B in Example 8, fiveoptical wirings (linear waveguides) each comprising a core made of acured matter of the resin F, and a cladding part comprising quartz glassand a cured matter of the resin C were formed, and broken and cut almostat centers, respectively.

C. Formation of Optical Waveguide

(1) The five sets of optical wirings (linear optical waveguides) (ten inall) manufactured through the steps of the process B were prepared. Anend surface of a core of each optical wiring on a side on which theoptical wiring was immersed in the photosensitive composition was brokenand cut, and not specially subjected to a planarization processing.Although roughnesses of the optical wirings were irregular, an averageRa was 2 μm and an average Rmax was 20 μm.

(2) Optical waveguides each comprising a core made of the resin C wereformed similarly to the steps (2) to (5) of the process C in Example 8except that these optical wirings were used and that the resin E wasused in place of the resin C. Thereafter, a shape of each core part wasobserved by a microscope. The microscopic observation indicated that thecore part has a stable shape, and that the core parts were coupled toeach other in the vicinity of a center.

An optical power loss was measured for each of the five sets of theoptical wirings using the same method as that used in Example 5. It wasconfirmed that before and after the lights were simultaneouslyirradiated from the respective optical wirings, the loss was greatlyreduced from 8 dB or more down to 3.1 to 7.9 dB for each set.

Furthermore, a return loss of an optical transmission structural bodycomprising the two optical wirings and the optical waveguidemanufactured in this reference example was measured for each set. Returnlosses of the five sets were all 50 dB or more.

It is noted that an optical refractive index of the core part of eachoptical waveguide formed in this reference example was 89% of that of acore of each optical wiring to which the core part was connected.

REFERENCE EXAMPLE 2

A. Preparation of Photosensitive Composition

As a photosensitive composition, the resin E and the resin F wereprepared.

B. Formation of Optical Wiring (See FIG. 45)

(1) CYTOP made by Asahi Glass Co., Ltd. (hereinafter, referred to as“resin G”) was coated on a flat quartz glass plate 524 by spin coatingso that a film thickness of the resin G after drying was about 20 μm,and dried, thereby forming an under cladding part 525 a.

An optical refractive index of the resin G at a wavelength of 589 nm wasabout 1.34 after being dried.

(2) The resin E was coated on the under cladding part 525 a thus formedby spin coating so that a film thickness after curing was about 40 μm,thereby forming a core formation resin layer 523′ (see FIG. 45(a)).

(3) A mask (not shown) drawing a core pattern (a width of 40 μm) wasplaced on the core formation resin layer 523′, and an exposureprocessing was then carried out, thereby forming a linear core 523.

(4) After an unexposed portion of the core formation resin layer 523′was removed by alcohol (see FIG. 45(b)), an appropriate quantity of theresin G was coated on the under cladding part 525 a including the core523, and dried, thereby forming a cladding part 525 around the core 523.

Through these steps, an optical wiring ( a linear waveguide) comprisingthe core made of a cured matter of the resin E, and the cladding partcomprising resin G was formed (see FIG. 45(c)).

(5) Five optical wirings were manufactured, and were broken and cutalmost at centers, respectively.

C. Formation of Optical Waveguide

(1) The five sets of optical wirings (linear waveguides) (ten in all)manufactured through the steps of the process B were prepared. An endsurface of a core of each optical wiring on a side on which the opticalwiring was immersed in the photosensitive composition was broken andcut, and not specially subjected to a planarization processing. Althoughroughnesses of the optical wirings were irregular, an average Ra was 2μm and an average Rmax was 20 μm.

Optical waveguides each comprising a core made of the resin F wereformed similarly to the steps (2) to (5) of the process C in Example 8except that these optical wirings were used and that the resin F wasused in place of the resin C. Thereafter, a shape of each core part wasobserved by a microscope. The microscopic observation indicated that thecore part has a stable shape, and that the core parts were coupled toeach other in the vicinity of a center.

An optical power loss was measured for each of the five sets of theoptical wirings using the same method as that used in Example 5. It wasconfirmed that before and after the lights were simultaneouslyirradiated from the respective optical wirings, the loss was greatlyreduced from 8 dB or more down to 2.9 to 7.8 dB for each set.

Furthermore, a return loss of an optical transmission structural bodycomprising the two optical wirings and the optical waveguidemanufactured in this example was measured for each set. Return losses ofthe five sets were all 50 dB or more.

It is noted that an optical refractive index of the core part of eachoptical waveguide formed in this reference example is 112% of that of acore of each optical wiring to which the core part is connected.

COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE 1

(1) Five sets of two GI multimode fibers (ten in all) similar to thatused in Example 1 were prepared. After an end surface of a core of eachoptical fiber on a side on which the optical fiber is facing the otheroptical fiber was cut by a cutting tool (a nipper), a cladding part wasexposed by peeling off about 10 mm of a coating layer from the endsurface by an ordinary method. Thereafter, each optical fiber was notspecially subjected to a planarization processing. Although roughnessesof end surfaces of the optical fibers were irregular, an average Ra was2 μm and an average Rmax was 20 μm.

A set of the two optical fibers were arranged face to face with eachother with a distance of about 500 μm kept between them and placed on anoptical fiber V-groove substrate (quartz V groove, made by MoritexCorporation).

Thereafter, using a V-groove fixation plate, the two optical fibers werefixed so as not be moved.

A return loss of the two optical fibers thus connected face to face wasmeasured for each of the five sets. The return loss was 25 dB or morefor each set. The measurement of the return loss was carried out inaccordance with the method (4) according to JIS C 5961 6.2.4.

In addition, the connection loss between the optical fibers arrangedface to face with each other for each of the five sets in ComparativeExample 1 was measured to be 30 to 55 dB. For the measurement of theconnection loss, the same method as that used in the step (4) in Example5 was used. That is, light having a power of about −10 dBm (about 0.1mW) was incident on a side of one of the optical fiber at opposite sideto the side on which the optical fibers were placed face to face, and apower of light emitted from a side of the other optical fiber atopposite side to the side on which the optical fibers were placed faceto face was measured. In this comparative example, no optical waveguidewas formed. However, the air (optical refractive index of 1.00) waspresent in the gap between the two optical fibers, and the refractiveindex of the air was 68% of that of the core of each of the connectedoptical fiber.

COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE 2

An optical transmission structural body was manufactured similarly toExample 12 except for the use of the following optical fibers in Example12.

Namely, five sets of two GI multimode fibers (ten in all) made of quartzand having a length of about one meter similarly to that prepared inExample 12 were prepared. An end surface of a core of each optical fiberon a side on which the optical fiber was immersed in the photosensitivecomposition was cut by a cutting tool (a nipper). Thereafter, a claddingpart was exposed by peeling off a coating layer of about 10 mm from theend surface side by an ordinary method. The end surface was polishedvertically and smoothly using a lumina grinder particles. Althoughroughnesses of the end surfaces of the respective optical fibers wereirregular, an average Ra was 0.05 μm.

Using the optical fibers subjected to the above-mentioned end surfaceprocessing, core parts of an optical waveguide made of the resin C wereformed similarly to Example 12. A shape of each core part was observedby a microscope. The microscopic observation indicated that each corepart has a stable shape, and that the core parts were coupled to eachother in the vicinity of a center.

Further, using the same method as that used in Example 12, an opticalpower loss of each of the five sets of optical fibers was measured. Itwas confirmed that before and after the lights were simultaneouslyirradiated from the respective optical fibers, the loss was greatlyreduced from 8 dB or more down to 1 dB or less for each set.

Furthermore, a return loss of the optical transmission structural bodycomprising the two optical fibers and the optical waveguide manufacturedin this comparative example was measured for each set. Return losses ofthe five sets were all 60 dB or more.

It is noted that an optical refractive index of the core part of eachoptical waveguide formed in this comparative example was 100% of that ofa core of each optical fiber to which the core part is connected.

COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE 3

An optical transmission structural body was manufactured similarly toExample 12 except for the use of the following optical fibers in Example12.

Namely, five sets of two GI multimode fibers (ten in all) made of quartzand having a length of about one meter similarly to that prepared inExample 12 were prepared. An end surface of a core of each optical fiberon a side on which the optical fiber was immersed in the photosensitivecomposition was cut by a cutting tool (a nipper). Thereafter, a claddingpart was exposed by peeling off a coating layer of about 10 mm from theend surface side by an ordinary method, and was cut by using an opticalfiber cutter, thereby subjecting the end surface to a mirror-likeprocessing vertically. Although roughnesses of the end surfaces of therespective optical fibers were irregular, an average Ra thereof was 0.01μm or less.

Using the optical fibers subjected to the above-mentioned end surfaceprocessing, core parts of an optical waveguide made of the resin C wereformed similarly to Example 12. A shape of each core part was observedby a microscope. The microscopic observation indicated that each corepart has a stable shape, and that the core parts were coupled to eachother in the vicinity of a center.

Further, using the same method as that used in Example 12, an opticalpower loss of each of the five sets of optical fibers was measured. Itwas confirmed that before and after the lights were simultaneouslyirradiated from the respective optical fibers, the loss was greatlyreduced from 8 dB or more down to 1 dB or less for each set.

Furthermore, a return loss of the optical transmission structural bodycomprising the two optical fibers and the optical waveguide manufacturedin this comparative example was measured for each set. Return losses ofthe five sets were all 60 dB or more.

It is noted that an optical refractive index of the core part of eachoptical waveguide formed in this comparative example was 100% of that ofa core of each optical fiber to which the core part was connected.

Results of Examples 1 to 12, Reference Examples 1 and 2, and ComparativeExample 1 to 3 are shown in Table 1. TABLE 1 (2) Connection (1)Refractive loss between Refractive index of core Relative optical Endsurface state of index of core layer of value of wirings Return Endsurface shape optical wiring of optical optical (2) to (1) (min to max)loss of optical wiring Ra (μm) Rmax (μm) wiring waveguide (%) (dB) (dB)Example 1 Rupture surface 1 10 1.48 1.51 102 — 50 Example 2 Rupturesurface 1 10 1.48 1.51 102 — 50 Example 3 Rupture surface 1 10 1.48 1.51102 — 50 Example 4 Rupture surface 1 10 1.48 1.51 102 — 50 Example 5Rupture surface 2 20 1.48 1.51 102 1.6 to 3.3 50 or more Example 6Rupture surface 2 20 1.48 1.51 102 1.5 to 3.3 50 or more Example 7Rupture surface 2 20 1.48 1.60 108 2.3 to 6.5 50 or more Example 8Rupture surface 2 20 1.60 1.48 93 2.5 to 6.8 50 or more Example 9Rupture surface 2 20 1.48 1.56 105 2.1 to 5.7 50 or more Example 10Rupture surface 2 20 1.56 1.48 95 1.9 to 5.6 50 or more Example 11Rupture surface 2 20 1.51 1.48 98 1.8 to 3.4 50 or more Example 12Rupture surface 2 20 1.48 1.48 100 1 or less 60 or more ReferenceRupture surface 2 20 1.63 1.45 89 3.1 to 7.9 50 or more Example 1Reference Rupture surface 2 20 1.45 1.63 112 2.9 to 7.8 50 or moreExample 2 Comparative Rupture surface 2 20 1.48 1.00(*) 68 30 to 55 25or more Example 1 Comparative Plane polished   0.05 — 1.48 1.48 100 1 orless 60 or more Example 2 surface Comparative Mirror surface 0.01 or —1.48 1.48 100 1 or less 60 or more Example 3 less(*)In Comparative Example 1, no optical waveguide is formed betweenoptical wirings. Therefore, optical refractive index herein is theoptical refractive index of the air present between the optical wirings.

As is obvious from the results shown in Table 1, in the opticaltransmission structural body manufactured in each of Examples 1 to 4,although the core of the end surface of the optical wiring which surfaceis connected to the optical waveguide is not subjected to theplanarization processing and the surface roughness Ra is 1 μm, thereturn loss thereof is 50 dB. Therefore, it is obvious that the opticaltransmission structural body can be appropriately used as an opticalcommunication device.

The optical transmission structural body according to Example 12 iscompared with the optical transmission structural body according to eachof Comparative Examples 2 and 3. Regardless of the Ra of the end surfaceof the core of the optical wiring, i.e., regardless of the presence orabsence of the end surface processing to the optical wiring, there is nodifference in characteristics (the connection loss between the opticalwirings and the return loss) of the acquired optical transmissionstructural body between Example 12 and Comparative Examples 2 and 3.This result also indicates obviously that the optical transmissionstructural body can be appropriately used as the optical communicationdevice.

Examples 5, 7 to 12, Reference Examples 1 and 2, and Comparative Example1 are compared. It is obvious from the comparison of the connection lossamong them that Examples 5, 7 to 12 and Reference Examples 1 and 2 inwhich the optical waveguides are formed are excellent in opticaltransmission performance to Comparative Example 1 in which no opticalwaveguide is formed.

Examples 5, 7 to 12 and Reference Examples 1 and 2 are compared with oneanother in detail. If the optical refractive index of the core part ofthe optical waveguide is substantially equal to that of the core of theoptical waveguide to which the core part is connected (Example 12), theconnection loss and irregularity of the loss are minimized. In addition,if the optical refractive index of the core part of the opticalwaveguide is 98 to 102% (Examples 5 and 11) of that of the core of theoptical waveguide to which the core part is connected, 95 to 105%(Examples 9 and 10) and 90 to 110% (Examples 7 and 8), the connectionloss and the irregularity of the loss are greater in this order.

If the optical refractive index of the core part of the opticalwaveguide is 85 to 115% of that of the core of the optical wiring towhich the core part is connected (Reference Examples 1 and 2), theconnection loss and the irregularity of the loss are further greater.Obviously, therefore, as compared with the instance in which the opticalrefractive index of the core part of the optical waveguide is 90 to 110%of that of the core of the optical wiring, Reference Examples 1 and 2are inferior in optical transmission performance.

Furthermore, as is obvious from the result of the comparison betweenExamples 5 and 6, the connection loss of the optical transmissionstructural body is not influenced by the presence or absence of the endportion of the optical wiring on the side on which the optical wiring isconnected to the optical waveguide.

EXAMPLE 13

Formation of Optical Waveguide (See FIG. 27)

(1) Two GI multimode optical fibers subjected to an end surfaceprocessing using a fiber cutter, made of quartz and having a length ofabout one meter (made by Fujikura Ltd., core/cladding part=50 μm/125 μm)were prepared.

(2) UV-containing light was incident on one end of an optical fiber 4012from one end of each of the optical fibers 4012 and 4012′ by anultraviolet irradiation device 4015 (5252L, manufactured by MatsushitaMachine and Vision Ltd.) using a high pressure mercury lamp of 250 W asa light source. A luminous intensity of ultraviolet rays emitted fromthe other end of the optical fiber 4012 was adjusted to 0.3 mW/cm² by aUV luminometer (UIT-150, manufactured by Ushio Inc.).

(3) The respective optical fibers 4012 and 4012′ were fixed to opticalfiber fixing bases placed on two optical high precision slide bases (Xstages) (not shown), respectively. The emission-side ends of the opticalfibers 4012 and 4012′ were placed face to face with each other with adistance of about 500 μm kept between the optical fibers 4012 and 4012′and placed on an optical fiber V-groove substrate 4016 (quartz V groove,made by Moritex Corporation). AUV-cured resin composition 4011 (resin A)was coated on an entire faced portion so as to bury the UV-cured resincomposition 4011 between the optical fibers 4012 and 4012′ without gap.Thereafter, the faced portion of optical fibers and the photosensitivecomposition 4011 were caught in a V-groove fixation plate so as not tobe moved.

(4) While keeping the optical fibers 4012 and 4012′ in the statedescribed in (3) above, light having a power of about −10 dBm (about 0.1mW) was incident on an incidence side of one optical fiber 4012 using anLED light source at a wavelength of 850 nm (AQ2140 and AQ4215,manufactured by Ando Electric Co., Ltd.), and a power of a light emittedfrom an incidence side of the other optical fiber 4012′ was measured bya power meter (AQ2140 and AQ2730, manufactured by Ando Electric Co.,Ltd.)

(5) While keeping the optical fibers 4012 and 4012′ in the statedescribed in (3) above, UV-containing lights the luminous intensity ofeach of which was adjusted in the step (2) were simultaneouslyirradiated from emission ends of the respective optical fibers 4012 and4012′ into the photosensitive composition 4011 for one to two seconds.

When the steps (1) to (4) were carried out, the photosensitivecomposition 4011 was not cured yet. At the end of the step (4), anoptical power loss of 8 dB or more was measured. In addition, at the endof the step (5), core parts were formed on the emission ends of the twooptical fibers 4012 and 4012′. An observation using a microscope(VH-7000 manufactured by Keyence Corporation) indicated that therespective core parts were coupled to each other in the vicinity of acenter.

(6) After the step (5), a power of the light emitted from the incidenceside of the optical fiber 4012′ was measured using the same method asthat in the step (4).

As a result, an optical power loss of 3 dB or less was measured.

The fact that the optical power loss (3 dB or less) measured at the endof the step (6) was lower than the optical power loss (8 dB or more)measured at the end of the step (4) indicates the following respect. Anoptical waveguide comprising a core part was formed between the emissionends of the two optical fibers 4012 and 4012′, and the optical fibers4012 and 4012′ were connected to each other by the optical waveguide.

Further, after the step (6) was finished, visible light was irradiatedfrom the emission end of the optical fiber 4012, and leakage light ofthe optical waveguide was observed. In this observation, the leakagelight along a shape of the optical waveguide was observed, and it wasconfirmed that the light emitted to the optical waveguide thus formedwas constrained in the optical waveguide.

(7) While keeping the state described in (6) above, the power of thelight emitted from the incidence end of the optical fiber 4012′ wascontinuously measured.

As a result, it was confirmed that the optical power loss (3 dB or less)measured at the end of the step (6) was increased with the passage oftime.

Specifically, about 30 seconds after the measurement of the opticalpower in the step (6), the optical power loss of about 5 dB wasmeasured. After about 60 seconds, the optical power loss of about 10 dBwas measured.

In addition, microscopic observation indicated that following anincrease of the optical power loss, the optical waveguide formed betweenthe optical fibers 4012 and 4012′ is fluidized and was thereby deformed.

(8) Thereafter, while measuring the optical power emitted from theincidence end of the optical fiber 4012′, the fixing of the V-groovefixation plate in which the faced portion between the optical fibers4012 and 4012′ was caught so as not to be moved was loosened. Using theoptical high precision slide base, the optical fibers 4012 and 4012′were pulled so that the distance between the ends of the optical fibers4012 and 4012′ widens by about 50 μm.

At this time, output loss of 3 dB or less was measured.

(9) While repeating the step of pulling the optical fibers 4012 and4012′ so that the distance between the ends of the optical fibers 4012and 4012′ widens by about 50 μm, the optical power emitted from theincidence side of the optical fiber 4012′ was continuously measured.

As a result, the optical power loss decreases and, when the distancebetween the ends of the optical fibers 4012 and 4012′ was about 700 μm,an optical power loss of about 2 dB or less was measured.

The reason that the optical power loss (2 dB or less) measured at theend of the step (9) was lower than the optical power loss (3 dB or less)measured at the end of the step (8) was considered as follows. Bycontinuously pulling the optical fibers, the shape of the opticalwaveguide was stabilized, and the optical waveguide was formed into theshape with which the optical power loss can be reduced.

EXAMPLE 14

Formation of Optical Waveguide

A. Preparation of Photosensitive Composition

A photosensitive composition was prepared by mixing, by a weight ratioof 1:1, an acrylate-based UV-cured adhesive (resin A) cured by a radicalpolymerization reaction when being irradiated with ultraviolet rays, andan epoxy fluoride-based UV-cured adhesive cured by a cationpolymerization reaction when being irradiated with the ultraviolet rays(made by NTT-AT; hereinafter, referred to as “resin H”).

B. Formation of Optical Waveguide

(1) An optical waveguide comprising a core part both ends of whichoptical fibers were connected, was formed similarly to (1) to (7) inExample 13 except for the use of the photosensitive composition preparedin the process A in the step (3) of Example 13.

In the steps (5) to (7) in Example 13, the shape of the formed core partwas observed using the microscope (VH-7000 manufactured by KeyenceCorporation) when the UV-containing light was irradiated for threeseconds. The microscopic observation indicated that core parts wereformed on the emission ends of the both optical fibers, and that therespective core parts were coupled to each other in the vicinity of acenter.

Separately from this example, the same steps as the steps (1) to (7) inExample 13 were carried out for each of the independent resin A and theindependent resin H. Similarly to the above, the shape of the core partwhen the UV-containing light was irradiated for three seconds wasobserved by the microscope. As a result, for the resin A, themicroscopic observation indicated that core parts were formed on theemission ends of the both optical fiber, and that the core parts werecoupled to each other in the vicinity of a center for the resin A. Forthe resin H, by contrast, the microscopic observation indicated thatcore parts were formed on the emission ends of the both optical fibers,but that the core parts were not coupled to each other.

Furthermore, for the resin H, the UV-containing light was continuouslyirradiated, and the shape of the core part was observed by themicroscope. The microscopic observation indicated that the core partswere not coupled to each other even after 10 seconds of the start of theirradiation of the UV-containing light.

Based on these results, it is considered that the core parts formedthrough the steps (1) to (7) were formed by selectively curing the resinA in the photosensitive composition.

(2) While the both ends of each core part were pulled, an entireV-groove substrate 4013 including the photosensitive composition 4011 ina faced portion between the optical fibers 4012 and the 4012′ wasirradiated with ultraviolet rays having a luminous intensity of 300mW/cm² for 30 seconds using the same ultraviolet irradiation device4015, thereby forming a cladding part.

After the cladding part was formed in this step (2), the state wasobserved by the microscope. The microscopic observation indicated thatthe shape of each core part formed after the end of the step (1) wasmaintained. Further, visible light was irradiated from the emission endof the optical fiber 4012, and leakage light of the optical waveguidewas observed. The observation indicates that the leakage light along ashape 10 of the optical waveguide was observed, and that the stablecladding part was formed around the core part.

(3) Thereafter, the pulling of the optical fibers connected to the bothends of the core part, respectively, was stopped, and an optical powerloss was measured. As a result, the optical power loss of 2 dB or lesswas measured.

The reason that the optical power loss (2 dB or less) measured at theend of the step (3) was equal to the optical power loss (2 dB or less)measured at the end of the step (1) was considered as follows. Byforming the cladding part while pulling the both ends of the core part,the state of pulling the both ends of the core part was maintained, andthe stable shape is therefore maintained.

EXAMPLE 15

(1) AGI multimode optical fiber subjected to an end surface processingusing a fiber cutter, made of quartz, and having a length of about onemeter (made by Fujikura Ltd., core/cladding part=50 μm/125 μm) wasprepared.

(2) UV-containing light irradiated through a light guide 5037 from anultraviolet irradiation device 5038 (5252L, manufactured by MatsushitaMachine and Vision Ltd.) using a high pressure mercury lamp 5038′ as alight source was incident from one end of the quartz multimode opticalfiber 5032. A luminous intensity of an ultraviolet ray emitted from theother end of the optical fiber 5032 was adjusted to 0.01 mW/cm² or less(a detection limit or less). The fact that the light was irradiated fromthe other end of the optical fiber was confirmed by visually recognizinglight (visible ray contained in a lamp light) from the end of theoptical fiber.

The intensity of the ultraviolet ray was measured by a UV luminometer(UIT-150, manufactured by Ushio Inc.).

(3) One end of the quartz multimode optical fiber 5032 was placed on anoptical fiber V-groove substrate 5035 made of quartz glass (made byMoritex Corporation). A UV-cured resin composition 5031 (resin A) wascoated entirely on one end of this optical fiber so as to be buriedwithout gap. Then, a V-groove fixation plate was placed on the opticalfiber V-groove substrate 5035, and the end of the optical fiber 5032 andthe photosensitive composition 5031 were caught in the V-groove fixationplate so as not to be moved.

(4) While fixing the quartz multimode optical fiber 5032, UV-containinglight 5039 the luminous intensity of which was adjusted in the step (2)was irradiated to the UV-cured resin composition 5031, thereby curingthe resin composition and forming an optical waveguide 5034 shaped suchthat one end was gradually narrower (see FIG. 33).

Observation using a microscope (VH-7000 manufactured by KeyenceCorporation) indicated that, as a result of the irradiation of theUV-containing light for five minutes in the step (4), a core part shapedsuch that a tip end having a length of about 30 to 50 μm was graduallythinner.

Further, if the core part thus formed was taken out, and laser light ata wavelength of 532 nm was irradiated from a bottom of the core part, itwas confirmed that the laser light was condensed on an apex of the corepart.

EXAMPLE 16

(1) First, an optical fiber collimator in which one end of a GImultimode optical fiber (core/cladding part=50/125 μm) was attached to acondensing type collimator lens (focal length of five millimeters, awavelength of 850 nm) (lens-added optical fiber) (OPCL, manufactured byNippon Sheet Glass Co., Ltd.; a length of about one meter) was prepared.

(2) UV-containing light irradiated from an ultraviolet irradiationdevice 5048 (5252L, manufactured by Matsushita Machine and Vision Ltd.)using a high pressure mercury lamp 5048′ as a light source through alight guide 5047 was incident from an end of the optical fibercollimator 5042 at opposite side to a side on which the collimator lens5042′ was attached. A luminous intensity of ultraviolet rays emittedfrom the other end of the optical fiber collimator 5042 through thecollimator lens 5042′ was adjusted to about 0.3 to 0.5 mW/cm².

The measurement of the intensity of the ultraviolet ray was carried outusing a UV luminometer (UIT-150, manufactured by Ushio Inc.).

(3) Separately from the steps (1) and (2), an acrylic cylinder 5045having a length of about 1 cm and an inner diameter of about 6 mm wasprepared, and one end of the cylinder 5045 was fixed onto a slide glass5046 by an adhesive.

Thereafter, a UV-cured resin composition 5041 (resin A) was poured intothe cylinder 5045. The collimator lens 5042′-side of the optical fibercollimator 5042 was attached to a lower portion of the cylinder 5045through the slide glass 5046 and fixed by the adhesive.

It was noted that the optical fiber collimator 5042 was attached so thatthe collimator lens was located substantially in a central portion ofthe cylinder 5045.

(4) While fixing the optical fiber collimator 5042 to the cylinder 5045through the slide glass 5046, the UV-containing light 5049 the intensityof which was adjusted in the step (2) was irradiated to the UV-curedresin composition 5041, thereby curing the resin composition and formingan optical waveguide 5044 shaped such that one end was gradually thinner(see FIG. 34).

It was confirmed that, as a result of irradiating the UV-containinglight in the step (4), the core part shaped such that the tip end wasgradually thinner by about 1 mm about 10 seconds after the start of theultraviolet ray, by about 2 mm about 30 to 90 seconds after the start ofthe ultraviolet ray was formed.

Furthermore, after irradiating the UV-containing light for 90 seconds,the formed core part was taken out, and laser light at a wavelength of532 nm was incident from a bottom of the core part. As a result, thelaser light was condensed on an apex of the core part.

INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY

As described above, with the optical transmission structural bodyaccording to the first aspect of the first group of the presentinvention, even if the portion of the optical wiring which portion isconnected to the core part of the optical waveguide is not speciallysubjected to the planarization processing, or even if the surfaceroughness Ra based on JIS B 0601 is 0.1 μm or more, the optical signalcan be suitably transmitted between the optical wiring and the opticalwaveguide. Incidentally, if such an optical transmission structural bodyis manufactured, the manufacturing process can be simplified.

With the optical waveguide formation method according to the secondaspect of the first group of the present invention, the core partexcellent in connection performance with the optical wiring can beformed even if the portion of the optical wiring which portion isconnected to the core part of the optical waveguide is not speciallysubjected to the planarization processing, or even if the surfaceroughness Ra based on JIS B 0601 is 0.1 μm or more.

Therefore, the portion of the optical wiring coupled to the core partcan be formed without the highly accurate end surface processing. Theformation method of the present invention can, therefore, simplify theoptical waveguide formation process. Since the formation process can besimplified, the formation method is economically advantageous.

In the optical waveguide according to the first aspect of the secondgroup of the present invention, since the both ends of the core part areconnected to the optical wirings or optical components, respectively,both ends of at least the core part are pulled, the shape of the corepart is stabilized, and the optical loss in the optical waveguide can bereduced.

Further, a force for pressing the optical wiring and the opticalwaveguide against each other is not applied, thus, a damage,deformation, and the like does not occur to the end surface of theoptical waveguide and those of the optical wirings and the likeconnected to the both ends of the optical wiring, respectively. Theconnection loss resulting from diffuse reflection of the transmittedlight, radiation of the light to the outside, or the like is less likelyto occur.

Therefore, the optical waveguide according to the first aspect of thesecond group of the present invention can realize low connection lossbetween the different optical wirings or the like.

Furthermore, with the optical waveguide formation method according tothe second aspect of the second group of the present invention, the corepart can be formed while the both ends of the core part are connected tothe respective optical wirings. Besides, the both ends of the core partare pulled. Therefore, differently from the conventional art, it isunnecessary to fix the core part when the core part is connected to theoptical wiring by pushing, and the core part and each optical wiring arenot pressed against each other. As a result, the optical waveguide canbe formed without causing the damage, the deformation or the like on theend surfaces of the optical wirings and the core part. In addition,since the both ends of the core part are pulled, the core part is notfluidized and the optical waveguide including the core part of thestabilized shape can be obtained.

Therefore, the optical waveguide formation method according to thesecond aspect of the second group of the present invention can realizelow connection loss between the optical wirings connected to the opticalwaveguide.

Moreover, since the optical waveguide according to the first aspect ofthe third group of the present invention has the above-mentioned shape,the light incident from the bottom can be condensed and the condensedlight can be efficiently emitted from the apex.

Therefore, when optical components, optical wirings, or an opticalcomponent and an optical wiring are optically connected to each other,the optical waveguide according to the first aspect of the third groupof the present invention can be interposed between them. With thisconfiguration, it is possible to ensure transmitting the optical signalwithout using an expensive lens such as a collimator lens or acondensing lens.

Further, by directly attaching the bottom of the above-mentioned corepart to the optical component or the optical wiring on the side on whichthe optical signal is emitted, or by directly attaching the apex of thecore part to the optical component or the optical wiring on the side onwhich the optical signal is received, it is possible to surely andefficiently transmit the optical signal through the core part.

Additionally, with the optical waveguide formation method according tothe second aspect of the third group of the present invention, the corepart is formed by forming the cured matter corresponding to the opticalpath of the irradiated light, and this cured matter is grown into ashape so as to condense the irradiated light. Therefore, the irradiatedlight follows an optical path condensed in the photosensitivecomposition. As a result, the core part having the shape such that thecore part is gradually thinner toward one end thereof can be formed.

1. An optical waveguide formation method comprising: immersing a part ofan optical wiring in a photosensitive composition; irradiating lightinto the photosensitive composition through the optical wiring; andforming a core part corresponding to an optical path of the lightirradiated into the photosensitive composition, wherein a portion of theoptical wiring is connected to the core part of the optical waveguide,and the portion of the optical wiring has a surface roughness Ra basedon JIS B 0601 of 0.1 μm or more.
 2. The optical waveguide formationmethod according to claim 1, wherein the part of the optical wiringimmersed in the photosensitive composition is an end of the opticalwiring, and further comprising: forming a coating layer on ancircumference of the end of the optical wiring.
 3. The optical waveguideformation method according to claim 1, wherein an optical refractiveindex of the core part is 90 to 110% of an optical refractive index ofthe portion of the optical wiring connected to the core part.
 4. Theoptical waveguide formation method according to claim 1, wherein anoptical refractive index of the core part is 95 to 105% of an opticalrefractive index of the portion of the optical wiring connected to thecore part.
 5. The optical waveguide formation method according to claim2, wherein an optical refractive index of the core part is 90 to 110% ofan optical refractive index of the portion of the optical wiringconnected to the core part.
 6. The optical waveguide formation methodaccording to claim 2, wherein an optical refractive index of the corepart is 95 to 105% of an optical refractive index of the portion of theoptical wiring connected to the core part.
 7. An optical waveguideformation method comprising: immersing a part of an optical wiring in aphotosensitive composition; irradiating light into the photosensitivecomposition through the optical wiring; and forming a core partcorresponding to an optical path of the light irradiated into thephotosensitive composition, wherein a portion of the optical wiring isconnected to the core part of the optical waveguide, and the portion ofthe optical wiring is not subjected to a planarization processing. 8.The optical waveguide formation method according to claim 7, wherein thepart of the optical wiring immersed in the photosensitive composition isan end of the optical wiring, and further comprising: forming a coatinglayer on an circumference of the end of the optical wiring.
 9. Theoptical waveguide formation method according to claim 7 wherein anoptical refractive index of the core part is 90 to 110% of an opticalrefractive index of the portion of the optical wiring connected to thecore part.
 10. The optical waveguide formation method according to claim7, wherein an optical refractive index of the core part is 95 to 105% ofan optical refractive index of the portion of the optical wiringconnected to the core part.
 11. The optical waveguide formation methodaccording to claim 8, wherein an optical refractive index of the corepart is 90 to 110% of an optical refractive index of the portion of theoptical wiring connected to the core part.
 12. The optical waveguideformation method according to claim 8, wherein an optical refractiveindex of the core part is 95 to 105% of an optical refractive index ofthe portion of the optical wiring connected to the core part.
 13. Anoptical waveguide comprising: an optical waveguide body having a corepart and a cladding part, both ends of the optical waveguide body beingconnected to an optical wiring and an optical component, respectively,wherein both ends of the core part are pulled to generate a tensilestress in the core part.
 14. The optical waveguide according to claim13, wherein the core part comprises a photosensitive composition. 15.The optical waveguide according to claim 13, wherein the cladding partcomprises a resin composition.
 16. The optical waveguide according toclaim 14, wherein the cladding part comprises a resin composition. 17.The optical waveguide according to claim 13, wherein the both ends ofthe core part are pulled in a direction substantially equal to and adirection opposite to a progress direction of a transmitted light on theoptical waveguide.
 18. An optical waveguide formation method comprising:arranging one end of a first optical wiring faces one end of a secondoptical wiring; immersing the faced ends of the first and second opticalwirings in a photosensitive composition; irradiating light from thefirst optical wiring to the second optical wiring, thereby forming acore part that connects the first optical wiring and the second opticalwiring to each other; and pulling both ends of the core part.
 19. Theoptical waveguide formation method according to claim 18, wherein theboth ends of the core part are pulled to generate a tensile stress inthe core part.
 20. The optical waveguide according to claim 18, whereinthe both ends of the core part are pulled in a direction substantiallyequal to and a direction opposite to a progress direction of atransmitted light on the optical waveguide.
 21. The optical waveguideaccording to claim 18, further comprising: forming a stable claddingpart around the core part after pulling the core part or while pullingthe core part.
 22. An optical waveguide formed independently of anoptical wiring, comprising: a core part; wherein a shape of the corepart is formed to be gradually thinner toward one end of the core part.23. The optical waveguide according to claim 22, further comprising: acladding part formed around the core part.
 24. The optical waveguideaccording to claim 22, wherein the core part comprises a photosensitivecomposition.
 25. The optical waveguide according to claim 23, whereinthe core part comprises a photosensitive composition.
 26. An opticalwaveguide formation method comprising: irradiating light into aphotosensitive composition through an optical wiring, thereby growing acured matter of the photosensitive composition having a shape forcondensing the light to form a core part having such a shape that thecore part becomes gradually thinner toward one end of the core part. 27.The optical waveguide formation method according to claim 26, furthercomprising: forming a stable cladding part around the core part afterforming the core part.